Sensory Transduction, Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards
What are the sensory receptors of both the auditory and vestibular systems?
Hair cells.
Where are auditory hair cells located?
Within the spiral Organ of Corti on the thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear.
Outer hair cells mechanically amplify what?
Low level sound.
What is the function of inner hair cells?
Transforms sound vibrations of cochlear fluids into electrical signals to be relayed via the auditory nerve to the auditory brainstem and auditory cortex.
Deflection of hair cell stereocilia enables what?
The opening of mechanically gated ion channels to allow small +ve ions to enter the cells.
What is the neurotransmitter released by hair cells to stimulate peripheral axons of afferent neurons?
Glutamate.
The tonic release of glutamate allows for modulation of what?
- Action potential frequency in response to stimulus.
What is a tip link?
Extracellular filaments connecting stereocilia to gate/close the TMC1 channel depending on cilia tilt.
Otolith organs/otocysts detect what?
Tilt and acceleration.
Semicircular canals detect what?
Rotational movement.
What separates scala media and scala vestibuli?
Reissner’s membrane.
What separates scala media from scala tympani?
Basilar membrane.
Describe transduction in the cochlea.
Hair cells on the sensory epithelium of the Organ of Corti bend to cause movement of the basilar membrane which vibrates the tectorial membrane to bend cilia of hair cells.
Where do scala tympani and scala vestibuli connect?
At helicotrema.
Where is perilymph continuous?
In scala tympani and vestibuli.
Scala tympani meets which window?
Oval.
Scala vestibuli meets which window?
Round.
Why is movement/pressure at the oval window accompanied by a complementary motion at the round window?
Due to incompressible fluid in the cochlea.
Where does scala media close off at?
The apex of the cochlea.
Which membrane of the cochlea is flexible and vibrates in sync with fluid movement?
Basilar membrane.
Width and flexibility of the basilar membrane determines what?
The distance a particular frequency travels i.e. a non-spatial parameter -> spatial representation.
Where are hair cells of the organ of corti located?
- Between the basilar membrane and reticular lamina.
- Tips in the tectorial membrane.
There are 2 types of hair cells (inner and outer), separated by what?
The rods of Corti.
Where do hair cells synapse?
On bipolar neurons with cell body in the spiral ganglion.
Describe transduction after the tectorial membrane vibrates.
- Cilia of hair cells bend and may cause neurotransmitter release.
- Released neurotransmitters are captured in the nerve fibres.
Hair cells at different locations are maximally activated depending on what?
Frequency of sound waves.
- Hair cells are thus tuned to different frequencies.
When do hair cells fire most?
When they bend most.
The hair cell K+ current flows what way?
Inwards.
Endolymph has a higher than normal concentration of what in comparison to perilymph?
K+.
What is endolymph potential?
+80mV.
As endolymph potential is +80mV, what is the gradient across the stereocilia membrane?
120mV.
Why are hair cells slightly depolarised at rest?
Only a few transduction channels are open at resting potential.
What systems exist for reconstituting K+ in endolymph?
- K+ channels.
- Transporters.
- Gap junction networks composed of 5 different connexins.
Mutations in the genes allowing for the reconstitution of K+ in endolymph can result in what?
Deafness.
What is the main source of afferent signal of the auditory nerve (CN VIII)?
Inner hair cells.
Approx. how many afferents supply an inner hair cell?
Around 10.
Describe the ratio of outer hair cells to afferent supply.
Multiple outer hair cells are innervated by a single hair cell.
Which type of hair cell primarily receives efferent input?
Outer hair cells.
Function of outer hair cells?
- Control basilar membrane stiffness.
- Amplify membrane vibration.
which type of hair cell is more numerous?
Outer hair cells.
Outer hair cells are also referred to as?
Cochlear amplifier.
What is present in the basilar membrane and capable of changing the length of hair cell, thus changing the spatial relationship between the basilar and tectorial membranes?
Motor protein composed o “prestin”.
- Expanded to increase distance between membranes.
- Contract to reduce distance.
How do outer hair cells respond to sound?
A receptor potential and change in length.
What hypertension medication inactivates the basilar membrane motor protein?
Furosemide.