Auditory Pathway Flashcards
What are the auditory ossicles of the middle ear?
- Malleus.
- Incus.
- Stapes.
The cochlear nerve runs through what to reach the cochlea of the inner ear?
Internal acoustic meatus.
How many turns are in the spiral of the cochlea?
2.5
The organ of Corti contains what?
Inner and outer hair cells.
What is the Spiral Ganglion of the Cochlea?
A group of bipolar neurons stimulated by hair cells. They carry APs from the Organ of Corti to the cochlear nuclei in the pons.
Superior to the cochlear nuclei, input is essentially what?
Bilateral.
Structures important in sound localisation and as relays for stapedial and tensor tympani reflexes.
- Superior olivary nucleus.
- Nucleus of lateral lemniscus.
Tonotopic organisation is present where?
The Auditory Cortex.
Fibres carrying information regarding low frequency sound end in which part of the auditory cortex?
The anterolateral part.
Fibres carrying information regarding high frequency sound end in which part of the auditory cortex?
The posteromedial part.
What may arise as a result of trauma to Broca’s area?
- Difficulty in producing language (using few words, only saying the most important words in a sentence).
- However, there is usually no difficulty comprehending language.
What is the name of the condition arising from damage to Broca’s area?
Broca’s/ motor/ expressive aphasia.
What may arise as a result of trauma to Wernicke’s area?
- Difficulty comprehending language.
- Using words out of order.
- Meaningless words.
What is the name of the condition arising from damage to Wernicke’s area?
Wernicke’s/ sensory/ receptive aphasia.
Maintaining equilibrium requires information from what?
- Vision.
- Proprioception.
- Vestibular apparatus (labyrinth).
How many semi-circular canals in the inner ear?
3 in each ear.
What nerve is most associated with hearing?
Cochlear nerve.
What nerve is most associated with balance?
Vestibular nerve.
Name 3 areas upon which vestibular information has been found to converge?
- Area of parietal cortex just posterior to the area of the postcentral gyrus that represents the hand and mouth.
- Area just rostral to the primary auditory cortex.
- Posterior insular cortex.
Due to the lens, objects are projected onto the retina how?
Reversed and upside down.
Each optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation and visual cortex deals with visual information from which visual field?
The contralateral visual field.
Output of the superior colliculi is to?
- Nuclei of CN III, IV and VI.
- Motor nucleus of VII.
- Spinal cord.
The lower visual field is projected to where?
The gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus.
The upper visual field is projected to where?
The gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus.
