Sensory receptors and neurones - the Somatosensory system. Flashcards
The somatosensory mediates all sensations other than what?
Special senses.
Give an example of a special sense.
- Mechanosensation (fine discriminatory touch e.g. light touch, pressure, vibration, flutter and stretch).
- Proprioception (joint and muscle position sense).
- Thermosensation (temp.).
- Nociception (pain).
- Pruriception (itch).
What are the three broad categories into which the Somatosensory system can be divided?
- Exteroceptive division.
- Proprioceptive division.
- Enteroceptive division.
What is the function of the exteroceptive division of the Somatosensory system?
Cutaneous senses - i.e. registering information from body surface by numerous receptors.
What is the function of the proprioceptive division of the Somatosensory system?
Monitors posture and movements via sensors in muscles and tendons and joints.
What is the function of the enteroceptive division of the Somatosensory system?
Reports on internal body state in close relation to autonomic function.
How are stimuli transduced into electrical activity by sensory neurone terminals?
Stimulus opens a cation selective ion channel in the peripheral terminal of a primary sensory afferent to elicit a depolarising receptor potential.
The amplitude of receptor potential is graded and proportional to what?
Stimulus intensity.
Action potentials arriving at the central terminal cause graded release of what to where?
Neurotransmitter on to second order neurones.
What type of sensory unit would sense a mechanical force acting on the skin?
Skin mechanoreceptors
What type of sensory unit would sense a mechanical force acting on joints and muscles?
Joint and muscle mechanoreceptors.
What type of sensory unit would sense heat?
Cold and warm thermoreceptors.
What type of sensory unit would sense pain?
- e.g. strong mechanical force on skin or viscera, high heat on skin/mucous/membranes/viscera?
Mechanical, thermal and polymodal nociceptors.
Threshold is the intensity of a stimulus required to what?
Excite a sensory unit.
Low threshold units respond to what?
Low intensity stimuli.
Low intensity stimuli tend to be what?
Non-damaging/innocuous.
High threshold units respond to what?
High intensity stimuli.
High intensity stimuli tend to be what?
Noxious, potentially damaging.
Thermal nociceptors respond to what?
Extreme degrees of heat (>45oC) or cold (<10-15oC).
Polymocal nociceptors respond to what?
At least TWO of the following:
- High intensity mechanical stimuli.
- Extreme degrees of heat or cold.
- Substances in tissue.
What type of nociceptors respond to substances in tissue?
Chemical nociceptors.
This feature of sensory units determines whether firing rate is changed in response to stimuli of changing intensity or remains consistent throughout a constant stimulus.
Adaptation.
Give an example of a slowly adapting receptor.
Stretch receptors.
Give an example of a fast adapting receptor.
Some muscle spindle afferents, hair follicle afferents.