CNS infections Flashcards
Untreated CNS infection may lead to?
- Brain herniation and death.
- Cord compression and necrosis with subsequent permanent paralysis.
Describe pyogenic meningitis.
Thick layer of suppurative exudate covering leptomeninges over brain surface. With exudate in basal and convexity surface.
Thick layer of suppurative exudate covering leptomeninges over brain surface. With exudate in basal and convexity surface.
Pyogenic meningitis.
Microscopic findings in pyogenic meningitis?
Neutrophils in subarachnoid space.
Treatment of community acquired meningococcal meningitis?
Ceftriazone IV 2g BD for 5 days.
If penicillin allergic: Chloramphenicol IV 25mg/kg QDS.
Treatment of community acquired pneumococcus meningitis?
10 days Ceftriaxone IV 2g BD (If penicillin allergic: Chloramphenicol IV 25mg/kg QDS)
+ 4 days Dexamethasone IV 10mg QDS.
Viral meningitis is common in which seasons?
Late summer/autumn.
Viral meningitis is typically due to which viruses?
Enteroviruses e.g. ECHO virus.
Diagnosis of viral meningitis is by?
- Viral stool culture.
- Throat swab.
- CSF PCR.
Treatment of viral meningitis?
Generally supportive as condition is self-limiting.
Symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia?
- Fever.
- Headache.
- Vomiting, diarrhoea.
- Muscle pain.
- Stomach cramps.
- Fever with cold hands and feet.
- Stiff neck, dislikes bright lights, convulsions/seizures.
- Drowsy/difficult to wake.
- Confused and irritable.
- Pale, blotchy skin, spots/rash.
Which pathogen is typically responsible for community acquired bacterial meningitis in neonates?
Listeria, Group B Strep, E. Coli.
Which pathogen is typically responsible for community acquired bacterial meningitis in children?
H. influenza.
Which pathogen is typically responsible for community acquired bacterial meningitis in ages 10-21?
Neisseria meningitidis.
Which pathogen is typically responsible for community acquired bacterial meningitis in those over 21 but younger than 65?
Strep. pneumoniae > Neisseria meningitidis.
Which pathogen is typically responsible for community acquired bacterial meningitis in those over 65?
Strep. pneumoniae > Listeria.
Risk factor for developing community acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis?
- Decreased cell mediated immunity.
Risk factor for developing community acquired Staph. or Gram negative bacilli meningitis?
Neurosurgery/head trauma.
Risk factor for developing community acquired Strep. pneumoniae meningitis?
Fracture of cribriform plate.
Basilar skull fracture predisposes to bacterial meningitis of which causative pathogen?
- Strep. pneumoniae.
- H. influenzae.
- Beta-haemolytic Strep group A.
Head trauma or post-neurosurgery predisposes to bacterial meningitis of which causative pathogen?
- Staph. aureus.
- Staph. epidermidis.
- Aerobic GNR (gram -ve bacilli).
CSF shunt predisposes to bacterial meningitis of which causative pathogen?
- Staph. epidermidis.
- Staph. aureus.
- Aerobic gram -ve bacilli.
- Propionibacterium acnes.
Immunocompromised state predisposes to bacterial meningitis of which causative pathogen?
- Strep. pneumoniae.
- N. meningitidis.
- Listeria.
- Aerobic gram -ve bacilli inc. pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A complication of bacterial meningitis includes purulence, resulting in?
- Clusters at base of brain.
- Convexities of rolandic and sylvian sulci.
- Exudate around nerves (CN III, VI are esp. vulnerable).
What prevents meningitis from becoming an abscess?
Pia mater.
Abscesses may cause secondary ventriculitis and thus?
Meningitis.
A complication of bacterial meningitis includes?
- Purulence.
- Invasion.
- Cerebral oedema (temporal vs cerebellar).
- Ventriculitis/hydrocephalus.
Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are due to what?
Endotoxin.
Meningococcal meningitis most often occurs in who?
Young children.
N. meningitidis is carried where?
In the throat of healthy carriers.
Where might N. meningitidis be found in CSF?
In leukocytes.
What does H. influenzae require for growth?
Blood factors.