Management of Chronic Pain Flashcards
Describe acute pain.
- Usually ass. with obvious tissue damage.
- Protective function.
- Due to increased nervous system activity.
- Pain resolves upon healing.
Describe chronic pain.
- Pain beyond the expected period of healing.
- No longer serves useful purpose.
- Changes in pain signalling and detection.
- Degrades health and function.
Chronic pain can be divided into what two categories?
- Chronic cancer.
- Chronic non-cancer pain.
Chronic pain is probably not directly related to initial injury/disease, but secondary to?
Physiological changes in pain signalling and detection.
Observed behaviours that suggest pain in a patient?
- Grimacing.
- Rigid posture.
- Limping.
- Frowning or crying.
What physiological responses may occur in response to pain?
- Increased BP.
- Increased pulse rate.
- Increased respiration rate/ deep breathing.
Painful stimuli in the skin are relayed to the brain via?
- Lamina I (NK1 receptor) > parabrachial > Amygdala hypothalamus - AFFECTIVE component of pain.
- Lamina V > Thalamus > Somatosensory Cortex - SENSORY component of pain.
What is nociceptive pain?
An appropriate physiologic response to painful stimuli via an intact nervous system.
What is neuropathic pain?
Inappropriate and abnormal sensations due to nervous system dysfunction.
Define allodynia.
Pain from a stimulus that would not normally be painful e.g. cotton wool.
Define hyperalgesia.
Pain is heightened beyond that which would be expected from a painful stimulus e.g. pin prick.
Give an example of a cause of neuropathic pain.
- Shingles, post-herpetic neuralgia.
- Surgery.
- Trauma.
- Diabetic neuropathy.
- Amputation.
- Idiopathic,
What is neuroplasticity?
The process by which the brain’s neural synapses and pathways are altered as a result of environmental/ behavioural/ neural changes.
Chronic pain is associated with morphological changes in what?
The CNS.
What is the initial WHO ladder approach to pain management (not adjuvants)?
- Non-opioid analgesics e.g. NSAIDs, Paracetamol.
2. Opioid analgesics e.g. Tramadol, Codeine, Morpine, Oxycodone.
What are the adjuvants in the WHO ladder, following non-opioid and opioid drugs?
- Anti-depressants e.g. Amitriptyline, Duloxetine.
- Anti-convulsants e.g. Gabapentin, Pregabalin.
- Topical analgesics e.g. Capsaicin, Lidocaine 5% plaster.
What follows on from adjuvants in the WHO ladder pharmacological approach to pain?
- Local anaesthesia.
- Peripheral nerve or nerve plexus block.
Mechanism of action of NSAIDs?
Inhibition of the enzyme Cyclooxygenase (COX) and thus inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
By inhibiting prostaglandins, NSAIDs achieve what?
Reduction in tissue inflammation and pain.
Give an example of an NSAID?
- Aspirin, Ibuprofen.
What are NSAIDs most effective against?
Nociceptive pain.
Side effects of NSAIDs?
- GI irritation/bleeding.
- Renal toxicity.
- Potential drug-drug interactions.
- CV side effects (MI, stroke, hypertension).
NSAIDs mainly act where?
Peripherally.
Selective COX inhibitors are more potent where?
At COX2-enzymes.
Paracetamol is what class of drug?
Aniline derivative.
Efficacy of paracetamol?
- Analgesic and antipyretic effects.
- No anti-inflammatory action.