Brain tumours Flashcards
Most common extra-axial tumour?
Meningioma.
Describe meningiomas.
- Usually benign.
- Arise from residual mesenchymal cells in the meninges.
- Neurologic symptoms arise from brain compression.
Give an example of an extra-axial tumour.
- Meningioma.
- Pituitary adenoma.
- Craniopharyngioma.
- Choroid plexus papilloma.
- Acoustic neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma).
How do brain tumours typically present?
- Progressive neurological deficit (68%) of which motor weakness accounts for 45%.
- Headache.
- Seizures.
Why does increased intracranial pressure arise as a result of brain tumours?
- Tumour mass.
- Oedema mass effect.
- CSF blockage - hydrocephalus.
- Haemorrhage.
Increased intracranial pressure results in?
- Headaches.
- Vomiting.
- Mental changes.
- Seizures.
What features of a headache are suggestive of brain tumours?
- Worse in morning.
- Wakes patient up.
- Worse on coughing/leaning forward.
- Ass./made worse with vomiting.
- Symptoms similar to tension HA/migraine.
The mnemonic DANISH is used to remember pathology of what?
Cerebellum.
When should urgent referral for suspected brain and CNS cancers be made?
- Focal neurological deficit.
- Change in behaviour.
- Seizure.
- Headache + vomiting and or papilloedema.
Examples of neuroepithelial tissue/cells?
- Astrocytes (60%).
- Oligoodendroglial cells.
- Ependymal cells/choroid plexus.
- Neuronal cells.
- Pineal cells.
- Embryonic.
Glial tumours arise from?
Astrocytes or oligodendrocytes.
Astrocytic tumours are graded into a three-tier system of?
- Astrocytoma.
- Anaplastic astrocytoma.
- Glioblastoma multiforme.
Which astrocytic tumours have a WHO Grading I?
- Pilocytic.
- Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
- Subependymal giant cell.
Which astrocytic tumours have a WHO Grading II?
- Low grade astrocytoma.
Which astrocytic tumours have a WHO Grading III?
- Anaplastic astrocytoma.
Which astrocytic tumours have a WHO Grading IV?
- Glioblastoma multiforme.
Describe Grade I astrocytomas?
- Slow growing benign tumours of children/young adults.
- e.g. pilocytic astrocytomas.
Treatment of Grade I astrocytomas?
Surgery - curative.
Where do pilocytic astrocytomas typically arise?
- Optic nerve, hypothalamic gliomas, cerebellum, brainstem.
Low grade astrocytomas have a predilection for which lobe areas?
- Temporal.
- Posterior frontal.
- Anterior parietal.
How do low grade astrocytomas typically present?
Seizures.
Poor prognostic features of low grade astrocytomas?
- Age >50.
- Focal deficit e.g. seizures.
- Short symptom duration.
- Raised ICP.
- Altered consciousness.
- Enhancement on contrast studies.
Treatment of Grade II astrocytomas?
SURGERY +/-:
- Radiation, chemotherapy, radio+chemo.
Depends on molecular profile.
Grade II astrocytomas become what?
Glioblastoma.
Management of Grade II astrocytomas that have become glioblastoma?
- Biopsy: stereotactic vs open.
- Seizure control, prevent herniation and CSF obstruction by cytoreduction.
What are the poor prognostic features of those with Grade II astrocytomas that have become glioblastoma?
- age >45.
- Low performance score.
- Large tumours (diameter > 6cm)/ crossing midline.
- Incomplete resection.
What grades are considered malignant astrocytomas?
Grades III-IV.
Median survival of anaplastic astrocytoma?
2 years.
Most common primary brain tumour?
Glioblastoma multiforme.
Median survival of Glioblastoma multiforme?
<1 year.
How does glioblastoma multiforme spread?
White matter tracking/CSF pathways.
Treatment of malignant astrocytomas?
Non-curative, to improve survival quality.
- Surgery: cytoreduction + reduce mass effect.
- Supramarginal resection if of non-eloquent cortex.
- Post-op radiotherapy, external beam.
Stupp protocol (NEJM 2005) improves median survival of malignant astrocytomas to?
14 months.
What is the Stupp protocol?
Surgery + radiotherapy + Temozolomide.
Following surgery for brain tumour removal, when is it not safe to drive post-op?
- If at risk of seizures.
- Significant &/or homonymous visual field defect.
Patients deemed unsafe to drive following brain surgery must do what?
Inform the DVLA.
- If they do not then you must as your duty of care.
When should radiotherapy be used in intracranial tumour treatment?
- Malignant tumours post surgery.
- Low grade astrocytomas: incomplete removal or malignant degeneration.
- Benign astrocytomas: recurrence/progression not amenable to surgery.
- S/E of tumour: IQ drop by 10 points, skin, hair, tired.
Oligodendroglial tumours account for what percent of glial tumours?
20%.
Oligodendroglial tumours have a predilection for which areas?
Frontal lobes.
Oligodendroglial tumours typically occur in which age groups?
25-45 y/o.