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General Biology 2 > Sensory systems > Flashcards

Sensory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory transduction

A

covers a stimulus into an electrical signal in the nervous system

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2
Q

somatosensation

A

vestibular sensation
proprioception
kinesthesia

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3
Q

vestibular sensation

A

spatial orientation and balance

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4
Q

proprioception

A

positions of bones, joints, and muscles

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5
Q

kinesthesis

A

limb movement and tracking

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6
Q

simple receptors for general senses

A

modified dendritic ending of sensory neurons
tactile sensations
temperature
pain
muscle sense

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7
Q

receptors for special senses

A

vision
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste

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8
Q

sensory transduction overview

A

stimulus
reception
ion channels affected- changes in electrical potential
positive change in membrane potential depolarizes the neuron. negative change hyperpolarizes the neuron
neuron will fire AP- if polarization change is sufficient(crossing a threshold)

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9
Q

reception

A

activation of sensory receptors

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10
Q

encoding and transmission of sensory info

A

type of stimulus
location in the receptive field
duration and relative intensity

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11
Q

intensity is encoded by

A

rate of action potentials(frequency)
number of receptors activated(population

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12
Q

perception

A

with the exception of olfaction, all sensory signals are routed from the thalamus to final processing regions in the cortex of the brain

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13
Q

somatosensation

A

includes all sensation received from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs and joints

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14
Q

receptor types

A

thermoreceptors
pain receptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
tactile
proprioceptors
baroreceptors

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15
Q

tactile receptors/ receptor types in skin

A

merkel’s disks
meissners corpuscles
ruffini endings
pacinian corpuscles
krause end bulbs

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16
Q

merkel’s disks

A

unencapsulated, respond to light touch

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17
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

respond to touch and low-frequency vibration
example –> fingertips

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18
Q

ruffini endings

A

detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth

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19
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

detect transient pressure and high-frequency vibration

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20
Q

krause end bulbs

A

detect cold

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21
Q

olfaction

A

in the human olfactory system, bipolar olfactory neurons extend from the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb

odorants enter nose and bind to receptors

single transduction–> APs to olfactory bulb–> brain via olfactory nerve–> perception of smell

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22
Q

5 primary tastes

A

salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami

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23
Q

taste

A

each taste has only one corresponding type of receptor
each is specific to its stimulus
transduction of the five tastes happens through different mechanisms that reflect the molecular composition of the tastant

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24
Q

hearing

A

cochlea

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25
Q

balance

A

vestibule

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26
Q

sound

A

outer ear to the middle ear
bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane

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27
Q

middle ear

A

contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window

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28
Q

oval window

A

the exterior boundary of the inner ear

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29
Q

organ of corti

A

organ of sound transduction
inside the cochlea

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30
Q

sound waves

A

wavelength corresponds to pitch
amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume

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31
Q

sound wave transduction

A

a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate
the vibration is amplified as it moves across the malleus, incus and stapes
the amplified vibration is picked up by the oval window causing pressure waves in the fluid of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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32
Q

hair cells

A

mechanoreceptor
stereocilia on apical surface

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33
Q

stereocilia

A

tethered together by proteins
open ion channels when the array is bent toward the tallest member of their array
closed when the array is bent toward the shortest member of their array

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34
Q

5 vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear

A

utricle
saccule
three semicircular canals

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35
Q

vestibular information

A

hair cells in the utricle and saccule lie below a gelatinous layer, with their stereocilia projecting into the gelatin

embedded in this gelatin are calcium carbonate crystals– like tiny rocks

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36
Q

signal transduction similar to hearing

A

when hair cells are bent–> APs to brain
direction of bending in semicircular canals gives direction of head

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37
Q

cornea

A

transparent layer of the eye

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38
Q

lens

A

transparent convex structure behind the cornea

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39
Q

iris

A

muscular ring around the pupil
regulates the amount of light entering the eye

40
Q

photoreceptors

A

located in the retina
inner surface of the back of the eye

41
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

42
Q

rods

A

strongly photosensitive
located in the outer edges of the retina
detect dim light
used primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision

43
Q

cones

A

weakly photosensitive
located near the center of the retina
respond to bright light
primary role is color vision

44
Q

transduction of light

A

rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts
- the trans-membrane protein opsin
- retinal
when light strikes retinal, it changes shapes from a cis to a trans form
signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin

transducin activates phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP
- closes sodium channels
membrane becomes hyperpolarized
hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell
- release of tonic inhibition
APs –> ganglion cells–> optic nerve –> brain

45
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

46
Q

auricle

A

cartilaginous outer ear

47
Q

basilar membrane

A

stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors

48
Q

candela

A

unit of measurement brightness

49
Q

cochlea

A

a whorled structure that contains receptors for the transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal

50
Q

fovea

A

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

51
Q

free nerve ending

A

ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for the detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature

52
Q

glabrous

A

describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates

53
Q

gustation

A

sense of taste

54
Q

incus

A

also anvil/second of the three bones of the middle ear

55
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system

56
Q

iris

A

pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

57
Q

kinesthesia

A

sense of body movement

58
Q

labyrinth

A

bony, hallow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information

59
Q

lens

A

transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina

60
Q

malleus

A

also hammer; first of the three bones of the middle ear

61
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound

62
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

tactile corpuscle; encapsulated, rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to light touch

63
Q

merkels disk

A

unencapsulated, slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to touch

64
Q

middle ear

A

part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear

65
Q

nocieception

A

neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli

66
Q

odorant

A

airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor

67
Q

olfactory bulb

A

neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors

68
Q

olfactory receptor

A

dendrite of a specialized neuron

69
Q

organ of corti

A

in the basilar membrane, the site of the transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal

70
Q

ossicle

A

one of the three bones of the middle ear

71
Q

outer ear

A

part of the ear that consists of the auricle, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear

72
Q

oval window

A

thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ear that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear

73
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

encapsulated mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure and vibration

74
Q

papilla

A

one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue

75
Q

perception

A

individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function

76
Q

proprioception

A

sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia

77
Q

pupil

A

small opening through which light enters

78
Q

reception

A

receipt of a signal like light or sounds by sensory receptors

79
Q

receptive field

A

region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor

80
Q

receptor potential

A

membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus

81
Q

retina

A

later of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye

82
Q

rhodopsin

A

main photopigment in vertebrates

83
Q

rod

A

strongly photosensitive, achromatic, cylindrical neuron in the outer edges of the retina that detects dim light and is used in peripheral and nightime vision

84
Q

ruffini ending

A

also bulbous corpuscle; slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to skin stretch and joint position

85
Q

semicircular canal

A

one of the three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors the angular acceleration and deceleration

86
Q

sensory receptor

A

specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input

87
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversation of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential

88
Q

stapes

A

also, stirrup; third of the three bones of the middle ear

89
Q

stereocilia

A

in the auditory system, hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves

90
Q

tastant

A

food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors

91
Q

taste bud

A

clusters of taste cells

92
Q

tectorial membrane

A

cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells

93
Q

tonic activity

A

in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest

94
Q

tympanum

A

also tympanic membrane or ear drum; thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears

95
Q

ultrasound

A

sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 hz

96
Q

umami

A

one of the five basic tastes, which is described as “savory” and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate

97
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of spatial orientation and balance

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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