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digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what do plants convert into starch

A

light

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2
Q

what do animals consume to make ATP

A

starch and sugar

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3
Q

what do you need to make ATP

A

sugars from digestion or synthesis(from fats and proteins)
oxygen from ventilation

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4
Q

function of carbohydrates monomers? Function?

A

sugar; store energy, structural material

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5
Q

function of lipids monomers? functions?

A

fatty acid; store energy, form membrane, steroids

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6
Q

function of proteins and monomers

A

amino acids; enzymes, structural material, peptides

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7
Q

function of nucleic acids and monomers

A

nucleotides; store genetic information

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, polymers, CHO
monosaccharides
Disaccharides
polysaccharides
major source of cellular fule(glucose)
structural molecules

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9
Q

lipids

A

insoluble in water
triglycerides or neutral fats
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

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10
Q

what are triglycerides(neutral fats) called when they are solid and liquid

A

fats when solids and oil when liquid
composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

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11
Q

what are the functions of triglycerides

A

energy storage
insulation
protection

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12
Q

what kind of bond do saturated fatty acids have

A

single covalent bonds between C atoms
maximum number of H atoms

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13
Q

what kind of bond do unsaturated fatty acids have

A

one or more double bonds between C atoms
reduced number of H atoms

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14
Q

proteins

A

essential for making nucleotides and nucleic acids
needed to build organelles, cells, tissues
proteins are polymers of amino acids

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15
Q

what makes up proteins

A

amino acids
contain amine group and acid group
all identical except for R group
can act as either acid or base
peptide bonds

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16
Q

what are the essential amino acids for adults

A

methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and lysine

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17
Q

What is true about inorganic essential nutrients

A

must be obtained from food
help in structure and regulation
act as co-factors
do not contain c

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18
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A, D, E, K

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19
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

b vitamins and vitamin C

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20
Q

function and source of calcium

A

tooth and bone formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction,
source: milk, dairy, bean curd, dark green vegetables

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21
Q

function and source of phosphorus

A

bone development, transfer of energy in cells
source: most foods

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22
Q

function and source of sodium

A

nerve transmission, muscle contraction
source: meat, dairy, salt

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23
Q

function and source of chlorine

A

formation of hydrochloric acid
source: salt

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24
Q

function and source of potassium

A

regulation of heartbeat, maintenance of water balance, nerve transmission
source: fruits(bananas)

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25
Q

function and source of magnesium

A

a catalyst for ATP formation
source: nuts, grains, dark green vegetables, dried fruits

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26
Q

function and source of iodine

A

thyroid activity
source: seafood, iodized salt

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27
Q

function and source of iron

A

hemoglobin formation
source: meat, dark green vegetables, dried fruits

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28
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules
food –> digestive tract–> small molecules

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29
Q

absorption

A

active transfer of nutrient molecules from the digestive tract to the circulatory and lymphatic vessels

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30
Q

obligate carnivores

A

rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients

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31
Q

facultative carnivores

A

also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food

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32
Q

digestive tract for invertebrates

A

gastrovascular cavity
alimentary canal

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33
Q

digestive tract for vertebrates

A

monogastric
avian
ruminant

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34
Q

invertebrate digestive system(incomplete)

A

incomplete: single opening for digestion
food enters through the mouth and muscular pharynx, wastes exit through same path, lacks specialized parts

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35
Q

which invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity

A

Platyhelminthes-flatworms
Ctenophora- comb jellies
Cnidaria- coral, jellyfish, sea anemones

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36
Q

invertebrate digestive systems (complete)

A

complete: two openings= alimentary canal
ex: earthworm
food enters through the mouth
stored in crop
ground and digested by gizzard
nutrients absorbed in the intestine
wastes exit through the anus
ex: nematode
mouth–>pharynx–>intestine–> anus

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37
Q

monogastric vertebrate digestive system

A

one stomach

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38
Q

avian vertebrate digestive systems

A

two-chambered stomach
crop-stores food
two stomachs- proventriculus- enzymes, gizzard-grinding
cloaca- shared exit for urine and feces

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39
Q

ruminants vertebrate digestive system

A

four stomachs
cows sheep goats deer giraffes
eat roughage
four stomachs
- rumen and reticulum- contain prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fiber
cud is regurgitated chewed and swallowed in the third stomach, the omasum- removes water
cud then passes onto the abomasum- digested by enzymes produced by animals
- homologue of monogastric stomach

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40
Q

psuedo-ruminants digestive system

A

three-chambered stomach
camels, llamas, alpacas
eat plant and roughage
- food first enters C1- rumen
cud is regurgitated chewed and swallowed again into the C2- omasum
cud then passes onto the C3- abomasum
most digestion happens in the cecum and spiral colon

41
Q

salivary glands

A

secret saliva, contains digestive enzyme for carbohydrates

42
Q

liver

A

major metabolic organ: processes and stores nutrients: produces bile for emulsification of fats

43
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile from liver; sends it to the small intestine

44
Q

pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice: contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating

45
Q

accessory organs

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

46
Q

digestive tract organs

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

47
Q

mouth

A

teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing

48
Q

pharynx

A

passageway where food is swallowed

49
Q

esophagus

A

passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach

50
Q

stomach

A

secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to the small intestine
a major site of protein digestion
kills microorganism
activates enzymes
pH- 1.5-2.5
HCl acid

51
Q

small intestine

A

mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for the final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into the body; secretes digestive hormones into blood

52
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water and salt to form feces

53
Q

rectum

A

stores and regulates the elimination of feces

54
Q

tongue

A

composed of striated muscle
mixes chewed food with saliva and mixture form into bolus

55
Q

soft palate

A

closes off nasopharynx

56
Q

epiglottis

A

covers opening into trachea
keeps food from air passages

57
Q

what does food mixing with gastric juices become

A

chyme

58
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

the junction between the stomach and small intestine
when the sphincter relaxes, a small quantity of chyme passes into the mall intestine
2-6 hours after a meal

59
Q

what are the 3 part of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, lleum
20ft long

60
Q

duodenum

A

receives chyme from the stomach, secretions from liver and pancreas

61
Q

jejunum

A

responsible for most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
second part of the small intestine

62
Q

lleum

A

bile salts and vitamins absorbed

63
Q

small intestine absorption

A

circular folds–>villi–> microvilli
absorption- nutrients cross epithelial cell lining SI tube
- sugars and amino acids- blood capillaries
- lipids-lacteal(lymph vessel

64
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

takes nutrients to liver

65
Q

what does the large intestine include

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

66
Q

what is the colon subdivided into

A

asending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

67
Q

what is the colon subdivided into

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

68
Q

bile salts

A

break up fat into fat droplets via emulsification

69
Q

four steps of digestive system

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

70
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

starts in mouth
enzymes are added by the pancreas to the chyme as it enters the duodenum of the small intestine
absorption of nutrients across epithelium of duodenum and jejunum of small intestine via active transport

71
Q

lipid digestion

A

begin in the stomach
most occurs in the small intestine due to enzymes from the pancreas
bile acids in bile aid in the digestion of lipids–> emulsification
- large fat droplets–> small fat droplets–> triglycerides+enzymes=fatty acids + monoglycerides–>micelles

72
Q

inside SI epithelial cells

A

fatty acids+monoglycerides–> triglycerides–>chlymocrons–>exocytosis–> lacteal

73
Q

protein digestion

A

break down proteins into peptides
the pancreas releases other enzymes into the duodenum
-larger peptides–> smaller peptides–>free amino acids
amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestines via active transport

74
Q

vitamin absorption

A

lipid soluble
water-soluble
- direct absorption across SI epithelium via active transport

75
Q

elimination

A

fluid moves into the cecum of large intestine
peristatic waves move it through ascending, transverse and descending colon
- water and mineral absorbed via diffusion, active transport and osmosis
- sodium and chloride first
- water follows by osmosis
remainder compacted into feces
- stored in rectum
peristaltic waves push feces out of anus

76
Q

digestive system regulation

A

nervous system
- hunger and satiety
endocrine system
- functions of digestive system

77
Q

phases of nervous system regulation of digestion

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

78
Q

cephalic phase

A

smell, sight, sound of food –> salivation, stomach-churning and secretion

79
Q

gastric phase

A

gastric distension, low pH, undigested food–> more HCl and enzymes

80
Q

intestinal phase

A

chyme enters duodenum–> secretions from pancreas, liver, gallbladder

81
Q

endocrine system regulation of digestion

A

hormones are secreted from digestive organs in response to the presence of food/nutrients
regulate the degree and timing of digestive processes

82
Q

alimentary canal

A

tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus

83
Q

bile

A

digestive juice produced by the liver for the digestion of lipids

84
Q

bolus

A

mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting my saliva

85
Q

chyme

A

mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

86
Q

endocrine system

A

system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate time

87
Q

esophagus

A

tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

88
Q

intestinal phase

A

third digestive phase

89
Q

monogastric

A

digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach

90
Q

mineral

A

inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body

91
Q

peristalsis

A

wave-like movements of muscle tissue

92
Q

proventriculus

A

glandular part of a birds stomach

93
Q

roughage

A

component of food that is low in energy and high in fiber

94
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbs into maltose

95
Q

secretin

A

hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine

96
Q

somatostatin

A

hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

97
Q

sphincter

A

band of muscle that controls movement of material throughout the digestive tract

98
Q

villi

A

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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