Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology 2 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydras

A

nerve net- neurons in contact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

echinoderms

A

have nerves- bundles of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

planarians

A

ladder-like nervous systems
cephalization- concentration of ganglia and sensory receptors in the head
both have central and peripheral nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nervous system of insects

A

brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia(cluster of neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nervous system of mollusks

A

complex brains- millions of neurons organized into specialized lobes
true nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nervous system of vertebrates

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- cranial nerves and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the human nervous system divided into

A

central nervous system(CNS) –>the integration center
the peripheral nervous system(PNS)–.gathers info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three specific functions of the nervous system

A

receiving sensory input
performing integration
generating motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nervous tissue of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites and axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell body

A

(soma)
contains nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals from sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

axon

A

conducts nerve impulses and directs information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects the neuron and speeds up transmissions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

long axon

A

nerve fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory
interneurons
motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sensory neurons

A

accept impulses from sensory receptors and transmit them to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

interneurons

A

convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

motor neurons

A

accept nerve impulses from the CNS and transmit them to muscles or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the four main types of neurons according to number and placement of axons and dendrites

A

unipolar, multipolar, bipolar and pseudounipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

unipolar neuron

A

insects; singular axon function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

multipolar neuron

A

CNS(mostly) one long process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bipolar neuron

A

retina
same length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

sensory neurons
does not go through the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the axon connect to and what is the whole thing called

A

dendrite; synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

glial cells

A

support, protect, nourish neurons
outnumber neurons 10 to 1 in the brain
fulfill many vital function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what causes brain tumors

A

mutation in glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

list glial cells in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath around axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

astrocytes

A

provide nutrients and structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

microglia

A

scavenge pathogens and dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

list glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Satellite cells

A

provide nutrients and structural support to neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

membrane potential

A

a voltage difference between the inside and the outside
changes in response to neurotransmitters from other neurons and environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why is the inside of the membrane negative

A

potassium ion movement out
large negatively charged proteins inside
70millivolt more negative inside that outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

action potential

A

a stimulus depolarizes the axon to the threshold
Na+ channels in the axon hillock open, Na+ enters, Axon depolarizes to +30mV,
action potentials are considered and all or nothing even
once the threshold is reached, the neuron always completely depolarizes, and K+ exits during repolarization and hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

action potential propagation

A

in response to a signal, the soma end of the axon becomes depolarized. the depolarization spreads down the axon. Meanwhile, the first part of the membrane repolarizes. because Na+ channels are inactivated and additional K+ channels have opened, the membrane cannot depolarize again. the action potential continues to travel down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

electrical synapse

A

depolarization moves directly to postsynaptic neuron through gap junction
no synaptic delay = faster
bi-directional
coordinate groups of neurons
rare
- good for embryonic nervous system
adult- thalamus
slow-wave sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

chemical synapse

A

depolarization causes synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to be released into the synaptic cleft.
neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic receptors open ion channels
ion movement creates a postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the two types of postsynaptic potentials

A

Excitatory (EPSP)
inhibitory(IPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

EPSP

A

sum together to bring an axon to threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

IPSP

A

drive membrane potential away from threshold

44
Q

spinal cord and brain are wrapped in three protective membranes called what

A

meninges

45
Q

what are spaces between the meninges filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

fluid is continuous with that of central canal of spinal cord and the what of the brain

A

ventricles

47
Q

what is the largest portion of the brain in humans

A

cerebrum

48
Q

cerebrum

A

communicates with, and coordinates that activities of, the other parts of the brain

49
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides into left and right cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects right and left hemisphere of the brain

51
Q

sulci(sulcus) and Gyri(gyrus)

A

increase surface area

52
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter
surface area increases throughout evolutionary tree
contains motor areas and sensory areas as well as association areas

53
Q

diencephalon

A

region encircling the third ventricle

54
Q

hypothalamus

A

forms the floor of the third ventricle, controls the endocrine system via pituitary
thermostat

55
Q

thalamus

A

two masses of gray matter located in the sides and roof of the third ventricle
gateway to and from the cortex
brain area that relays sensory information to the cortex

56
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

57
Q

cerebellum

A

receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muscles
sends motor impulses out the brain stem to the skeletal muscles
balance and coordination

58
Q

parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

59
Q

midbrain

A

acts as a relay station for tracts passing between cerebrum and spinal cord/cerebellum

60
Q

pons

A

helps regulate breathing and head movements

61
Q

medulla oblongata

A

has reflx centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing

62
Q

somatic system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves
gather info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors
controls the skeletal muscles
conscious activity

63
Q

autonomic system

A

controls the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
unconscious control
- divided into two divisions
- sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

64
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
sensory
motor
both

65
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
enter/exit between vertebrae
both sensory and motor

66
Q

function of the spinal cord

A

center for many reflex actions
means of communication between the brain and spinal nerves

67
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and short unmyelinated fibers

68
Q

white matter

A

myelinated long fibers of interneurons running in tracts

69
Q

autonomic system

A

regulates activity of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands.
function automatically and usually in an involuntary manner
innervate all internal organs
utilize two neurons and one ganglion for each impulse

70
Q

sympathetic division

A

flight or flight responses
accelerates heartbeat and dilates bronchi

71
Q

parasympathetic division

A

promotes all internal responses associated with a relaxed state
promotes digestion and retards heartbeat

72
Q

action potential definition

A

self-propagating momentary change in the electrical potential of a neuron or muscle membrane

73
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cell in the central nervous system that provides nutrients, extracellular buffering, and structural support for neurons; also makes up the blood-brain barrier

74
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls bodily functions

75
Q

axon hillock

A

electrically sensitive structure on the cell body of a neuron that integrates signal from multiple neuronal connections

76
Q

aaxon terminal

A

structure on the end of an axon that can form a synapse with another neuron

77
Q

brainstem

A

a portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; controls basic nervous system functions like breathing, heart rate and swallowing

78
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost sheet of brain tissue; involved in many higher-order functions

79
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the ventricles and central canal; acts as a shock absorber and circulates material throughout the brain and spinal cord

80
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick fiber bundle that connects the cerebral hemispheres

81
Q

cranial nerve

A

sensory and or motor nerve that emanates from the brain

82
Q

dendrite

A

structure that extends away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons

83
Q

depolarization

A

change in the membrane potential to a less negative value

84
Q

dura mater

A

tough outermost layer that covers the central nervous system

85
Q

ependymal

A

cell that lines fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid

86
Q

frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex and areas involved in planning, attention, and language

87
Q

gyrus

A

ridged protusions in the cortex

88
Q

hippocampus

A

brain structure in the temporal love involved in processing memories

89
Q

hyperpolization

A

change in the membrane potential to a more negative value

90
Q

hypothalamus

A

brain structure that controls hormone release and body homeostasis

91
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of a cell

92
Q

meninge

A

membrane that covers and protect the central nervous system

93
Q

modes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged

94
Q

occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains visual cortex nd processes visual stimuli

95
Q

parietal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing touch and the sense of the body in space

96
Q

radial gila

A

gila that serve as scaffolds for developing neurons as they migrate to their final destination

97
Q

saltatory conduction

A

“jumping” of an action potential along an axon from one node of ranvier to tehe next

98
Q

satellite gila

A

glial cell that provides nutrients and structural support for neurons in the peripheral nervous system

99
Q

somatosensation

A

sense of touch

100
Q

sulcus

A

indents in the spinal cord

101
Q

summation

A

process of multiple presynaptic inputs creating EPSPs around the ame time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential

102
Q

synapse

A

junction between two neurons where neuronal signals are communicated

103
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

104
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

spherical structure that contains a neurotransmitter

105
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory input; parts of the temporal lobe are involved in speech, memory, and emotion processing

106
Q

ventricle

A

cavity within brian that contains cerebrospinal fluid

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions