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endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

negative feedback

A

response reverses the trend

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2
Q

types of hormones

A

peptides, amines, and steroids

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3
Q

peptide hormones

A

DNA–> RNA–> protein
stored in vesicles
released via exocytosis when cell is stimulated
water soluble

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4
Q

steroids

A

main class of hormones
derived from cholesterol
lipid soluble
- diffuse through membranes

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5
Q

amino acid-base hormones

A

derived from the amino acids
water soluble

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6
Q

how do hormones work

A

travel through the blood
bind to receptor on target cells

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7
Q

up-regulation

A

more receptors–>bigger response

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8
Q

down-regulation

A

fewer receptors–> smaller response
cells without receptor are insensitive

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9
Q

are proteins and most amines water soluble

A

yes

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10
Q

extracellular receptor

A

gene regulation
cytoplasmic response

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11
Q

are steroids water soluble

A

no

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12
Q

what does plasma transport

A

proteins

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13
Q

intracellular receptor

A

gene regulation

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14
Q

plasma membrane hormone receptors

A
  1. first messenger(hormones like epinephrine) binds receptors on the plasma membrane of cells

2.hormone binding to the receptor activates a g-protein
-activates adenylyl cyclase
-converts ATP to cAMP

  1. cAMP is a second messenger
    - mediates a cell-specific response
  2. phosphodiesterase enzyme breaks down cAMP
    - terminates the signal
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15
Q

intracellular hormone receptors

A
  1. hormone binds receptor in the cytoplasm
    - translocates to the nucleus
  2. hormone-receptor complex binds to a DNA sequence
    - triggers gene transcription and translation
  3. protein production
    - can then mediate changes in cell function
    -can cause secretion of other hormones
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16
Q

what are the 5 endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands

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17
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

A

connection between nervous and endocrine systems
major regulator of most hormones

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the brain
connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus

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20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

hormones produced in hypothalamus
transported down axons
released from posterior pituitary

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21
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete

A
  • called adenohypophysis
    TSH
    ACTH
    FSH
    LH
    GH
    PRL
    MSH
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22
Q

releasing or inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus delivered via hypophyseal portal system

A

promotes or stops release of hormones from anterior pituitary

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23
Q

posterior pituitary pt2

A

called neurohypophysis
-neural tissue
releases two hormones
1. ADH(vasopressin)
-antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin
- uterine contractions and milk let down

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24
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in anterior neck
- anterior surface of trachea
two lateral lobes connected by median tissue(isthmus)
largest pure endocrine gland

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25
Q

what is the thyroid gland composed of

A

spherical follicles surrounding colloid
follicle cells
- produce thyroid hormone and protein thyroglobulin
parafollicular cells
- produce calcitonin

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26
Q

parathyroid glands

A

usually two pairs of gland but can be up to 6
on posterior of thyroid gland
- secrete a parathyroid hormone that regulated blood calcium levels via osteoclasts, intestines and kidneys

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27
Q

adrenal glands

A

pyramid-shaped gland on to top of kidney
2 regions
- adrenal cortex(outer)
-adrenal medulla (inner

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28
Q

adrenal cortex …. continue from ppt

A

zona glomerulosa
-outer
…

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29
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innervated by autonomic nervous system
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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30
Q

pancreas

A

behind stomach
mixed gland
- endocrine and exocrine

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31
Q

pancreas islets of langerhans

A

endocrine pancreas
produce pancreatic hormones

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32
Q

pancreatic hormones

A

alpha cells
-glucagon
beta cells
-insulin
regulates blood sugar level and digestion rate

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33
Q

pineal gland

A

part of the epithalamus
produces melatonin
- sets biological clock
induces drowsiness
mostly released at night

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34
Q

testes

A

male gonads
secrete androgens
-steroid hormones (testosterone)

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35
Q

androgens

A

produced in interstitial cells
sperm maturation
protein synthesis in muscles
male secondary characters

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36
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads
estrogen and progestins

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37
Q

estrogen

A

produced by follicular cells
female secondary characteristics
follicle stimulation

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38
Q

progestins

A

produced by corpus luteum
prepares uterus for implantation
prepares mammary glands for secretion

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39
Q

heart

A

atria contain endocrine cells

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40
Q

what do endocrine cells produce

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone
also carry urine
- regulates blood pressure, volume, and sodium concentration
- stimulates kidney to increase slat secretion and production of salty urine

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41
Q

Gastroentestinal tract (GI)

A

endocrine cells within organs
secrete hormones that promote digestion, hunger and satiety

42
Q

kidneys

A

small amounts of endocrine tissue
release several hormones and renin

43
Q

what is the purpose of renin

A

important for blood pressure(enzyme)

44
Q

what do kidneys also contain

A

calcitriol and erythropoietin

45
Q

calcitrol

A

steroid hormone
steroid form of vitamin D
stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from small intestine

46
Q

erythropoietin

A

peptide hormone produced when oxygen in blood is low
stimulates production of red blood cells

47
Q

thymus

A

deep in thorax to the sternum
large in children
-diminished in size in adults
produces thymosins

48
Q

thymosins

A

develop and mature the immune response

49
Q

adipose

A

fat cells
produce hormone leptin

50
Q

leptin

A

feeling of satiety
needed for reproduction

51
Q

types of stimulation glands

A

hormonal
humoral
neural

52
Q

hormonal stimulation of glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases TRH when a higher metabolism is needed
    -TRH causes the anterior pituitary to release TSH
  2. TSH goes into the blood
    - binds to receptors on the thyroid gland
    -stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones t3 and t4
  3. t3 and t4 in the blood result in
    - increased metabolism
    growth
    development
    negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
53
Q

humoral stimulation of gland

A
  1. blood glucose rises after a meal
    glucose sensors in beta-cells of pancreas release insulin in response to high glucose
    inulin causes cells to take up glucose
    blood glucose falls
    glucose sensors in alpha-cells of pancreas release glucagon in response to low glucose
    glucagon causes liver to release stored glucose
54
Q

neural stimulation of glands

A

stress
action potential in sympathetic nerves going to the adrenal medulla
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
e and ne cause
- liver and muscle cells break down glycogen into glucose
heart to beat faster and harder
dilate the bronchioles in the lungs
shunt blood to essential organs

55
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

56
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids

57
Q

adrenal gland

A

endocrine glands associated with the kidneys

58
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone released by the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids during the long-term stress response

59
Q

aldosterone

A

steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ from extracellular fluids and secretion of K+

60
Q

alpha cell

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone glucagon

61
Q

amino acid-derived hormone

A

hormone derived from amino acids

62
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormone such as testosterone

63
Q

beta cells

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin

64
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood Ca2+ levels and promote bone growth

65
Q

colloid

A

fluid inside the thyroid gland that contains the glycoprotein thyroglobulin

66
Q

corticosteroid

A

hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to long-term stress

67
Q

cortisol

A

glucocorticoid produced in response to stress

68
Q

down-regulation

A

a decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels

69
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body

70
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short term stress

71
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

72
Q

estrogens

A

a group of steroid hormones, including estradiol and several others, that are produced by the ovaries and elicit secondary sex characteristics in females as well as control the maturation of the ova

73
Q

first messenger

A

the hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway

74
Q

G-protein

A

a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP

74
Q

G-protein

A

a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP

75
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels

76
Q

glucocorticoid

A

corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism

77
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

78
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

79
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels

80
Q

gonadotropin

A

hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH

81
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood

82
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar level

83
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland

84
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar level

85
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

system of blood vessels that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

86
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels

87
Q

islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)

A

endocrine cells of the pancreas

88
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance

89
Q

neural stimuli

A

stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system

90
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short-term stress hormone production by the gonads

91
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let-down in the mammary glands

92
Q

parafollicular cell

A

thyroid cell that produces the hormone calcitonin

93
Q

parathyroid gland

A

gland located on the surface of the thyroid that produces parathyroid hormone

94
Q

pituitary stalk

A

(also, infundibulum) stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

95
Q

plasma membrane hormone receptor

A

a hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell

96
Q

posterior pituitary

A

extension of the brain that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus; along with the infundibulum, it is also referred to as the neurohypophysis

97
Q

renin

A

enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys that reacts with angiotensinogen to cause the release of aldosterone

98
Q

thymus

A

gland located behind the sternum that produces thymosin hormones that contribute to the development of the immune system

99
Q

thyroglobulin

A

glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone

100
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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