plant reproduction

Question 1

describe the stages of the life cycle of plants**

Answer 1

gametophyte stage:1n
sporophyte stage: 2n

Question 2

describe the reproductive structures of plants**

Answer 2

four whorls:
1. calyx: all sepals
2. corolla: all petals
3. androecium: male reproductive part
4. gynoecium: female reproductive part

Question 3

complete vs incomplete flowers

Answer 3

complete: all 4 whorls
incomplete: at least one part is missing

Question 4

reproductive structures

Answer 4

androecium
-filament holding anther which contains pollen inside

gynoecium
- carpel
stigma, style and ovary
eggs are inside the ovules
perfect flowers contain both androecium and gynoecium

Question 5

monoecious

Answer 5

both male and female flowers are on the same plant

Question 6

dioecious

Answer 6

male and female flowers are on separate plants

Question 7

superior flower

Answer 7

the ovary is above other flower parts

Question 8

inferior flower

Answer 8

the ovary is below other flower parts

Question 9

male gametophyte: the pollen grain

Answer 9

develops inside the anther
mature pollen grains contain two cells
- pollen tube cell: forms the pollen tube after pollination
-generative cell: divides during pollination into two sperm cells

Question 10

female gametophyte: the embryo sac

Answer 10

a diploid central cell contains 2 polar nuclei
the egg cell is the female gamete

the gametophyte is surrounded by integuments which will later develop and become the seed coat

Question 11

pollination

Answer 11

the placement or transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower

Question 12

what are the types of pollination

Answer 12

self-pollination: pollen is from the same flower, or another flower on the same plant

cross-pollination: pollen is from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species
- greater genetic diversity

Question 13

pollinators

Answer 13

insects, birds, wind, water

Question 14

double fertilization

Answer 14

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the 2n zygote, that will develop and become the embryo

the other sperm fertilizes the central cell to form the 3n endosperm

Question 15

development of the seed

Answer 15

embryonic development is suspended after some time- growth is resumed only when the seed germinates

developing seedlings will rely on the food reserves stored in the endosperm and cotyledons until the first set of leaves begin photosynthesis

Question 16

development of the fruit

Answer 16

after fertilization, the ovary of the flower usually develops into the fruit
not all fruits are sweet and edible
the fruit encloses the seeds and the developing embryo

Question 17

simple fruits

Answer 17

form from a flower with one carpel

Question 18

aggregate fruit

Answer 18

form from flower with many ovaries

Question 19

multiple fruits

Answer 19

made up of multiple flowers

Question 20

accessory fruits:

Answer 20

develop from tissue other than the ovary

Question 21

fruit and seed dispersal

Answer 21

fruits have one purpose: seed dispersal
go far from the mother to find favorable and less competitive conditions
fruits and seeds are dispersed by various means
wind, water, and animals

Question 22

asexual reproduction

Answer 22

many plants are able to propagate
with no need to produce flowers, attract pollinators, or find means to for seed dispersal.
produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent

Question 23

asexual reproduction- artificial

Answer 23

grafting: favorable stem traits and favorable roots

cutting: portion of the stem containing nodes and internodes is placed in moist soil and allowed to root

layering: stem attached to the plant is bent and covered with soil

micropropagation: AKA plant tissue culture; propagate plants in sterile laboratory conditions