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General Biology 2 > muscloskeletal system > Flashcards

muscloskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

types of skeletal system

A

hydrostatic, exoskeletal, endoskeleton

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2
Q

coelom

A

fluid-filled compartment within the body
under hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and supports other organs

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3
Q

what animals is coelom found in

A

soft-bodied animals like anemones, earthworms, cnidaria and other invertebrates

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4
Q

what do hydrostatic skeletal systems have

A

coelom

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5
Q

exoskeleton

A

external skeleton that supports the body, provides defense against predators, and allows for movement through the contraction of attached muscles

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6
Q

what percentage of chitin do exoskeletons have

A

30-50%

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7
Q

endoskeleton

A

internal skeleton; consists of hard, mineralized structures

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8
Q

what are the functions of the endoskeleton

A

provides support
stores minerals and fats
produces blood cells
protects internal organs
allows for movement through contraction of muscles attached to the skeleton

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9
Q

how many bones does the human skeletal system have and what is it separated into

A

206; axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

human axial skeleton

A

bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column and rib cage

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11
Q

what are the bones of the skull

A

mandible, maxilla, lacrimal, nasal, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, parietal, occipital, zygomatic

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12
Q

what are the cranial bones

A

frontal, parietal and sphenoid

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13
Q

what are the facial bones

A

orbit, temporal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, maxilla, and mandible

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14
Q

what does the vertebral column consist of

A

seven cervical vertebrates
twelve thoracic vertebrate
five lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
intervertebral discs
-fibrocartilage cushions impacts
- bind vertebrate together
spinal curves increase strength and flexibility of the spine

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15
Q

thoracic cage

A

rib cage protects the heart and the lungs
ribs- 12 pairs
sternum-3 fused bones
thoracic vertebrae-12
costal cartilages-10 pairs

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16
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

composed of a pectoral girdle, pectoral limbs, pelvic girdle, and pelvic limbs

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17
Q

pectoral girdle

A

shoulders
to adapt to reproductive fitness, female compared to male pelvis is lighter, wider, shallower
has a broader angle between the pubic bones

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18
Q

pectoral limbs

A

arm, forearm, and hand

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19
Q

pelvic girdle

A

hips

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20
Q

pelvic limbs

A

thigh, leg, foot

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21
Q

shoulders

A

pelvic girdle consists of clavicles and scapulae
which forms and stabilizes shoulder joint and allows for movement of arms

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22
Q

upper limbs

A

conssits of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals(8 bones), metacarpals(5 bones), phalanges(14 bones)

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23
Q

pelvic girdle composition

A

coxal bones, pubic symphysis and sacrum

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24
Q

coxal bones

A

illium, ischium, and pubis

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25
Q

lower limbs consist of

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals(7bones), metatarsals(5bones), and phalanges(14 bones)

26
Q

what are the types of bones

A

long bone
short bone - cube-like, ankles and wrists, sesamoid (bones embedded in tendon
flat bone - spongy bone embedded within parallel layers of thin compact bone
irregular bone- vertebrae and hip bones, complicated shapes

27
Q

long bone

A

longer than wide and bones of limbs
has diaphysis and epiphyses

28
Q

diaphysis

A

in long bone
shaft
compact bone
contains bone marrow in the marrow cavity

29
Q

epiphyses

A

in the long bone
articulating ends
spongy bone
covered by articular cartilage

30
Q

compact bone

A

elongated cylinders parallel to bone long axis
lamella and central (haversian canal)
perpendicular canals(perforating or volkmanns)
lacunae
canaliculi

31
Q

lamella

A

concentric rings
adjacent lamella have collagen in opposite direction

32
Q

central(haversian) canal

A

core of osteon
blood vessels and nerve

33
Q

perpendicular canals perforating or volkmanns

A

connect periosteum to central and medullary cavities
blood supply and nerve

34
Q

lacunae

A

cavities containing osteocytes

35
Q

canaliculi

A

connect lacunae to each other and central canal

36
Q

spongy bone

A

trabeculae

37
Q

trabeculae

A

needle-like(flat0 pieces
less organized than structures of compact bone
- no osteon
- organization is based on lines of stress
- lamella and osteocytes are irregularly organized

38
Q

osteogenic cells

A

also called osteoprogenitor cells
motically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
when stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells

39
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells
secret unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid
actively mitotic

40
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in lacunae
monitor and maintain bone matrix
act as stress or strain sensors
- respond to and communicated mechanical stimuli so bone remodeling can occur
- stimulate osteoblast to rebuild bone and osteoclasts to destroy bone

41
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption
ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

42
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification
- bone develops in between fibrous membranes and produces flat bones of the skill, some facial bones, mandible, most of clavicle

endochondral ossification
- bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
endochondral- within cartilage
forms the rest of the skeleton

43
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
- central mesenchymal cells cluster
- differentiate into osteoblasts
- form an ossification center that secretes osteoid

osteoid undergoes calcification
- osteoid calcifies in a few days
- trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

woven bone and periosteum form
- osteoid forms between embryonic blood vessels to create a network of trabeculae called woven bone
- vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum

lamellar bone replaces woven bones, just deep to the periosteum. red marrow appears
- trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken. mature lamellar bone replaces them, forming compact bone plates
- spongy bone consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow

44
Q

endochondral ossification

A

forms most all bones inferior to base of skull except clavicles
uses hyaline cartilage models
requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossifcation

45
Q

fracture repair

A

healing takes a few months or more and occurs in a series of steps

a fracture hematoma forms
a fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
a bony(hard) callus forms
the bone is remodeled

46
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous joints , synovial joints

47
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
no joint cavity
most synarthrotic(immovable)
depends on length of connective tissue fibers

48
Q

type of connective tissues

A

gomphosis
sutures
syndesmoses

49
Q

cartilaginous joints and what are the types

A

bones that are connected by cartilage
synchondrosis , symphyses

50
Q

cartilaginous joints; synchondrosis

A

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children

51
Q

cartilaginous joints; symphyses

A

connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage
found at the joints between vertebrae
very little movement

52
Q

synovial joints

A

only joints that have a space or synovial cavity in the joint
cavity is filled with synovial fluid which lubricated the joints

53
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A

planar - carpal bones in the wrist
hinge- elbow joint where the radius articulates with the humerous
pivot- joint in the neck
condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger
saddle- carpometacarpal joints in the thumb
ball- and- socket - the shoulder joint

54
Q

what is the purpose of the muscoskeletal system

A

cause or control movement;
support– maintain an upright posture
allow movement - body transport, manipulate objects
protect

55
Q

types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac
smooth

56
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

found in skeletal muscle
voluntary

57
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

found in walls of heart
involuntary

58
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

mainly in walls of hallow organs other than heart
involuntary

59
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

mainly in walls of hallow organs other than heart
involuntary

60
Q

skeletal muscle fiber

A

plasma membrane called the sarcolemma
cytoplasm called the sarcoplasm
composed of many fibrils, packaged into orderly units

61
Q

sacromere

A

a sarcomere is a regsarcomeresion from one Z line to the next Z line
many sacromeres are present in a myofibril, resulting in the striation pattern characteristic of skeletal muscle

62
Q

sliding filament model of contraction

A

when a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together and the I bands gets smaller
the A band stays the same width and, at full contraction, the thin filaments overlap

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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