plant form and physiology Flashcards
describe a plant and state what makes them unique**
cells with organelles
photosynthesis to produce sugars
cells have cell walls, plastids, and a large central vacuole
cell walls contain cellulose
describe the shoot and the root organ systems**
the shoot system: the vegetative parts: leaves, stems
the reproductive parts: flowers, fruits
usually above ground
the root system: supports the plant, absorbs water and minerals from soil and usually underground
Describe the structure and function of stems, roots and leaves**
what are examples of modifications of stems, roots, and leaves**
know the different types of tissues in plants and the role of each**
describe how water and photosynthates are transported in plants **
know and explain how plants respond to various environmental factors**
what do the leaves provide
surface area
what do the stems provide
support and elevate
dermal tissue
protects organs
vascular tissue
supports and transports
photosynthetic cells
contain chloroplasts
tube-shaped cells
transport resources
cells with root hairs
increase surface area
ground tissue
carries out photosynthesis
roots
anchor and absorb
what are the two types of tissues
meristematic and permanent
meristematic tissue
meristems: plant regions of continuous cell division and growth
main types: apical and lateral
permanent tissue
cells that are no longer actively dividing
what are three types of permanent tissues
dermal: covers and protects the plant
vascular: transports water, minerals, and sugars
ground: provides support to the other tissues
stems
stems consist of an alternating system of nodes and internodes
nodes are the points at which leaves are attached
internodes are the stem segments between modes
provides support to the plant and sometimes stores food for the plant
what are the two different types of stems
eudicot and monocot
eudicot stem
vascular bundles are arranged around the periphery of the ground tissue
monocot stem
vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
what are examples of stem modifications
rhizomes(ginger)
runners(strawberry)
stolons(grass)
tubers(potatoes)
bulb(onion)
examples of aerial modifications of stems
tendrils: slender and twining strands that enable a plant to seek support by climbing on other surfaces such as vines
thorns: modified branches appearing as sharp outgrowths that protect the plant such as roses
what is the purpose of roots and types
anchors the plant, absorbs minerals and water, storing carbohydrates
primary and lateral roots
primary roots
the first to emerge from the seed
lateral roots
branch off from the primary root improving anchorage and water absorption
eudicot vs monocot roots
eudicot roots: the vascular tissue forms an x shape in the center of the root
monocot root: the phloem cells and the larger xylem cells form a characteristic ring around the central pith
root hairs
finger-like extensions of epidermal cells, increase the absorptive surface of the root
absorption of water and minerals typically occurs through the root hairs
mycorrhizal associations, and symbiotic interactions with soil fungi, increase mineral absorption in most plants
examples of root modifications
food storage: carrots, turnips, beets
additional support: aerial root
prop roots, storage roots, pneumatophores, strangling aerial roots, buttress roots
purpose of leaves
site for photosynthesis
greed due to chlorophyll content
variety of thickness, shape, size, and color
leaf venation
variety of patterns: parallel, net-like, dichotomous venation
leaf form, simple or compound
simple: single, undivided blade
compound: multiple leaflets
stomata
found on the epidermis
regulation of gas exchange
