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General Biology 2 > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

hypothesis

A

an idea about how observed phenomenon works

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2
Q

theory

A

an explanation of large bodies of collected data and facts

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3
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which a selective force causes some individuals in a population to survive and reproduce to a greater degree than others, which can lead to evolutionary change

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4
Q

fitness

A

the level of ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

evolution

A

a change in genotype frequencies in a population over time

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6
Q

selective force

A

predator, parasite, abiotic feature

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7
Q

necessary aspects of natural selection to cause the evolution of traits over time

A

genetic variation
selective force
this causes differential survival that leads to differential reproduction, that some individuals are more successful at reproduction for a reason
leads to genotype frequency alterations in a population

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8
Q

genetic variation

A

mutation, sexual reproduction

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9
Q

selective force

A

alteration in background, parasite presence

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10
Q

natural selection generally happens to individuals and evolution happens to populations

A
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11
Q

natural selection leads to adaptive evolution

A
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12
Q

adaptation

A

any trait that makes the organism more likely to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

individuals within populations that have adapted to their environment generally have a higher…

A

fitness

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14
Q

what is fitness measured in

A

terms of survival or reproductive success

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15
Q

fecundity

A

reproductive success is usually measured by counting the number of surviving offspring

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16
Q

divergent evolution

A

when two species or more evolved from a common ancestor

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17
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar conditions can cause the evolution of similar traits even in unrelated organism

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18
Q

misconceptions of evolution

A

evolution is just a theory
individuals evolve
evolution explains the origins of life
organisms evolve on purpose

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19
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossils
anatomy and embryology
biogeography
molecular biology

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20
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that have no apparent function and are likely due to evolution from an ancestor that had a function for that structure

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21
Q

anatomy and embryology

A

shared and conserved embryological development

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22
Q

levels of evolution

A

microevolution and macroevolution

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23
Q

microevolution

A

changes within a species
pocket mouse coat evolution

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24
Q

macroevolution

A

formation of a new species from pre-existing species
modern-day species- reproductively isolated from ancestral wolf species

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25
Q

biological species concept

A

group of populations whose members have potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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26
Q

morphological species concept

A

defines species by physical traits; doesnt require mating

27
Q

ecological species concept

A

defines species by their role within the environment

28
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

any group of organisms that have shared common ancestry, also may use morphology(physical traits)

29
Q

medical/micro species concept

A

species, groups of similar organisms within a genus, are designated by biochemical and other phenotypic criteria and by DNA relatedness, which groups strains on the basis of their overall genetic similarity

30
Q

speciation

A

how one species become two
- when one group of organisms become isolated and evolves enough to become their own species

31
Q

speciation

A

allopatric speciation- different environment
- geographic isolation –> reproductive isolation

sympatric speciation - the same environment
- reproductive isolation–> prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers

32
Q

geographic isolation

A

allopatric speciation
when two populations are physically separated
speciation ha[[ens gradually

33
Q

sympatric speciation

A

when populations live in the same habitat but gene flow has been eliminated through reproductive isolation

34
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when two populations are no longer able to reproduce with each other
causes rapid speciation
can be broken up into prezygotic barrier and postzygotic barriers

35
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

mating behavioral differences
breeding at different times
live indifferent habits
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

36
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

hybrids- offspring between populations cannot survive or are not able to reproduce

37
Q

hybrid zones

A

regions in which two species have the opportunity meet, mate, and produce some offspring

reinforcement
fusion
stability

38
Q

reinforcement

A

when hybrids are less fit than parental species -maintains species

39
Q

fusion

A

when hybrids are more fit than parental species causing two species to fuse into one

40
Q

stability

A

when hybrids continue to be produced and are maintained

41
Q

equilibrium

A

population does not change with regard to the trait in question
such as coat color and beak size

42
Q

allele vs locus

A

an allele is the type of gene
and locus is the location on the chromosome

43
Q

who discovered dominance

A

Gregor Mendel and monk

44
Q

what did the four men do

A

their work laid down the foundations of evolutionary biology which led huxley to his book on evolution

45
Q

evolution

A

occurs when genotype frequencies change over time in a population

46
Q

what does population genetics investigate

A

how the genotype frequencies in an offspring population are related to the genotype frequencies in a parental population

47
Q

null model

A

tells us what happens when evolutionary change is not occurring

48
Q

if in HW equilibria then…

A

frequencies a1 and a2 do not change over time
given allele frequencies and random mating, we can predict the equilibrium genotype frequencies in a population in which evolutionary processes are not acting(h-w equilibrium frequencies)
if no evolutionary processes are operating, a locus that is initially not at hw equilibrium will reach hw equilibrium in a single generation

49
Q

assumption of hw equilibria

A

natural selection is not operating on the traits affected by the locus in question

individuals have no preferences for each other(random mating) with respect to the locus in question

no mutation is occurring

no migration in/out of populations

population size is infinite, so that fluctuations in allele frequencies are negligible(genetic drift is not occurring)

50
Q

what are the four mechanisms by which populations can evolve

A

genetic drift
migration
mutation
natural(sexual) selection (splits into different sections)

51
Q

what are the sub-types of natural selection

A

frequency-dependent
directional
stabilizing
diversifying

52
Q

genetic drift

A

the tendency for sampling error among genes in small populations
fixation–> entire population has one allele

53
Q

what causes bottleneck population

A

earthquakes, tsunamis/ chance events

54
Q

migration

A

tends to homogenize populations but asymmetry can occur

55
Q

natural selection and sexual selection

A

natural selection is when a selective force causes the alteration in genotype frequencies within a population
sexual selection is a form of natural selection, where the selective force is either choice in mates or competition for mates

56
Q

what are the two sections of sexual selection

A

intrasexual and intersexual

57
Q

intrasexual

A

competition between members of the same sex

58
Q

intersexual

A

choice in one sex for mates in the opposite sex

59
Q

stabilizing selection

A

genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait/ favors an average phenotype and selects against extreme variations

60
Q

directional selection

A

a single phenotype is favored causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

61
Q

diversifying selection

A
62
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A
63
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

parasites limit the proliferation of asexual lineages
especially if parasites can evolve to be efficient at infecting common genotypes
asexually reproducing lineages have limited capability in generating genetic diversity

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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