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Neuro > Sensory & Pain > Flashcards

Sensory & Pain Flashcards

1
Q

3 Neuron Pathways

A

1st: sensory receptor to SC or BS
2nd: SC or BS to thalamus
3rd: Thalamus to cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

-when applied to a receptor, triggers graded membrane potential
-determines type of receptors activated

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3
Q

Receptor

A

-converts stimulus into AP
-specialized and responds only to specific stimulus type and intensity

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4
Q

Conduction

A

AP travels to CNS

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5
Q

Translation

A

CNS receives, integrates info, prepares response

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6
Q

Receptor Morphology

A

-different shapes/functions of receptors

Simple Receptors: unmyelinated, free nerve endings

Complex Neural receptors: myelinated, nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue

Special Senses Receptors: Myelinated, release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons

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7
Q

Special Senses Receptors

A

-somatic: tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive
-Visceral: internal organs

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8
Q

Specialized Senses Receptors

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance

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9
Q

Exteroceptors

A

-near body surface
-external stimuli

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10
Q

Interoceptors

A

-deep
- comes from body
-BP, blood pH, proprioception

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11
Q

Nociceptors

A

-occur in all receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that either damage or have damage potential
-can take a scenic route instead of going to the brain

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

-muscles, tendons, ligaments, tendons
-position and kinesthetic sense

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13
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-vision

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14
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

-respond continuously if stimulus remains
-slow adapting
-detect object pressure (static)

Book laying on hand

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15
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

-adapt to continuous stimulus and then stop responding even with stimulus
-fast adapting
-motion, vibration, rate of change

Wearing glasses, clothing on body

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16
Q

Afferent Axon diameter decreasing diameter

A

Ia, Ib, II, III, IV
AB, ADelta, C

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17
Q

Sensory neuron receptive field

A

-area of skin innervated by 1 afferent nerve
-smaller fields with greater densiy distally, more sensitivity
-larger fields proximally, less sensitivity

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18
Q

Cutaneous Receptors

A

Superficial, subcutaneous, mechanoreceptors (AB), Free nerve endings (Adelta & C)

-all go to the same peripheral nerve bundle

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19
Q

Superficial Cutaneous Receptors

A

-small receptive field, epidermis and dermal palpalae
-Meisner’s Corpuscles: light touch, vibration (superficial)
-Merkel’s Discs: pressure (deeper)

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20
Q

Subcutaneous Cutaneous Receptors

A

-large receptive field, dermis
-Pacinian Corpuscle: touch, vibration (deeper)
-Ruffini’s ending: stretch (more superficial)

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-light touch, vibration, stretch, pressure
- AB fibers

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22
Q

Free nerve endings

A

-ADelta & C fibers
-course touch, pain, temperature

23
Q

Conduction

A

-3rd step of sensory system

Determinants:
-Modality: specialized stimulation
-Location
-Intensity: # and frequency of activated receptors
-Duration

24
Q

Signal Integration

A

3 Levels
-Receptor Level: normal receptor/stimulus interaction; more stimulus more reaction
-Circuit level
-Perceptual Level

25
Q

Circuit Level of Sensory Integration

A

-Divergence: synapses spread AP to several areas of CNS
-Convergence: synapses can focus action potentials from several sensory neurons on narrowed area

26
Q

Perceptual Level of Sensory Integration

A

-sensory tract caries impulse to respective region of the brain
-testing comes in to determine what level of integration is faulty

27
Q

Nerve Conduction Velocity Tresting

A

Electrical stimulation to peripheral nerves (NCV)
Looks at
-Distal latency: time from stimulation to distal recording sight (testing myelination)
-Amplitude: # of axons conducting
-Conduction Velocity: indication of myelin

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)
-tests peripheral and central pathways
stimulation at distal sight recording proximally

28
Q

Clinical Implications : Peripheral Nerve Lesions

A

-neuropathy
-Nerve compression: large first then small

Order of sensory loss
-proprioception and light tough
-cold
-fast pain
-heat
-slow pain

29
Q

Clinical Implications : Sensory Ataxia

A

-injury to dorsal column, roots, or nerves
-EC vs EO testing

Cerebellar: cannot adapt, same with EC/EO, intact proprioception

Sensory: can adapt with EO/EC, impaired proprioception

30
Q

Clinical Implications : Varicella Roster

A

-Shingles
-painful rash in dermatome pattern
-chicken pox remains dormant in sensory ganglia then travel to nerve endings

31
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

-acute or chronic tissue injury stimulates nociceptors to become perception of pain

32
Q

Non-Nociceptive pain

A

-malfunction of neural pain without the presence of injury
-neuropathic pain, central sensitivity, pain syndromes

33
Q

Pain Control

A

Central Processing:
-cingulate and insula during perception of pain

Endogenous Opioids:
-endorphins bind to opiate receptors

Spinal Cord:
-inhibitory neurons
-enkephalin and dynorphin

Segmental Level of Control:
-Gate control theory
-non nociceptive fibers closes a gate for nociceptive fibers

34
Q

Pain inhibition

A

Periphery: decreases prostaglandins

Dorsal Horn: release enkephalin or dynorphin

Brainstem: descending system

Hormonal System: pituitary gland and periaqueductal grey

Cortical Level: prefrontal, insular, and cingulate lobes
-spinolimbic, spinomesencephslic, and spinoreticular tracts

35
Q

Referred Pain

A

-visceral tissues to skin
-convergence of nociceptive and somatic info

36
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Disease (Primary pain):
-no biological function or tissue damage
Ex: fibromyalgia, migraines

Symptom (secondary pain):
-symptom of another condition
-continuous stimulation of nociceptors from tissue injury
-even after healing
-damage to somatosensory system

37
Q

Central Sensitization

A

-CNS responds excessively to continuing nociceptive input
-cause changes to cells reactiveness
-pain top-down regulation disturbed

38
Q

Paresthesia

A

-abnormal sensation
-dysfunction of neurons

39
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

-pain from direct lesion or disease
-Dysesthesias

40
Q

Dysesthesias

A
  • abnormal sensation that can occur on it’s own or from stimulation

Allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain, temporal summation

41
Q

Allodynia

A

pain caused by something that normally doesn’t cause pain

42
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

-Primary: excessive sensitivity to normal pain
-Secondary: pain spreads to uninjured areas

43
Q

Spontaneous Pain

A

pain unrelated to external stimulus

44
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-increased pain due to repeated stimulus

45
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

-tenderness and stiffness of muscles and tissues
-widespread pain
-increased pain without stimuli

46
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

A

-not related to nerve or nerve root distribution
-affects distal limb
-abnormal response to trauma
-central sensitization with functional changes in brain

Sx: red or pale skin, edema, stiff joints, muscle atrophy, tremors

47
Q

Nonspecific Low Back Pain

A

-no specific injury
-muscle guarding and abnormal movements

48
Q

Ectopic Foci

A

-cause pain
-outside of nociceptors and become unmyelinated, increasing sensitivity to stimuli

49
Q

Ephaptic Transmission

A

-Cross Talk
-lack of insulation due to demyelination that allows 1 action potential to affect more than 1 neuron
-cause for allodynia

50
Q

Structural Reorganization

A

-long term central sensitization causes CNS rewiring
-new synapses carry more nociceptive information

51
Q

Small Fiber Neuropathy

A

Partial central sensitization cause by :
-post-herpetic neuralgia: shingles
-diabetes
-gulliain barre syndrome (polyneuropathies)

52
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

-sensations related to posture, length, and movement of missing limb

Residual Limb Pain:
-easier to treat then Phantom limb pain

Phantom Limb Pain:
-absence of sensory inputs causing nociceptors to be overactive

53
Q

PT Clinical Implication

A

-considered psychosocial aspects of chronic pain
-Consider: distress, disuse, and disability

Neuro (29 decks)

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