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Neuro > Basal Gangila > Flashcards

Basal Gangila Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

-motor control and adjustments (no direct contact to motor neurons)
-initiate and inhibit movements
-goal-directed
-social behavior
-emotions

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2
Q

Parts of Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Caudate+Putamen= Striatum
Anterior/Nucleus Stiatum
Putamen + Globis Pallidus= Lentiform Nucleus
Globis Pallidus Internus
Globis Pallidus Externus
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra

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3
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

-produces dopamine
-in midbrain
-mood, learning, judgement, descion making

Has
-Substantia nigra compata
Substantia nigra reticularis

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4
Q

Subthalamus/Subthalamic Nuclei

A

-superior to substantia nigra
-inferior to thalamus
-Lateral to hypothalamus

-functionally a part of basal ganglia
-initiates and suppresses movement
-excitatory input to basal ganglia

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5
Q

Inputs to Basal Ganglia

A

-From Cerebrum Through Corticostriatal pathways
-From Striatum

-Glutamate; excitatory
-Dopamine; excitatory
-ACH; excitory
-Serotonin; inhibitory

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6
Q

Outputs from Basal Ganglia

A

-Out of Globus Palliidus Internus
-Out of Substantia Nigra

-GABA; Inhibitory

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7
Q

Motor Loops

A

-oculomotor loop
-Motor loop

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8
Q

Non-Motor Loops

A

-Goal-directed behavior loop
-social behavior loop
-emotion loop

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9
Q

Goal-Direct Behavior Loop

A
  1. Lateral prefrontal Cortex
  2. Head of Caudate: descision making, planning and picking actions
  3. GPi
  4. Thalamus: linking action chosen by caudate and performing movement
  5. Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Deficits: inattention, poor concentration, disorientation, poor short term memory

-dorsal striatal and prefrontal

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10
Q

Social Behavior Loop

A
  1. Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
  2. Head of caudate: social cues, self control, determines irrelevant
  3. Substantia Nigra Reticularis
  4. Thalamus
  5. Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

-dorsal striatal and prefrontal

Deficits: inppulsivity, indifference, temper, risky behaviors

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11
Q

Emotion Loop

A
  1. Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  2. Ventral Striatum: emotions and motivation; links emotional, cognitive and motor systems
  3. GPs
  4. Thalamus
  5. Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Deficits: L BG stroke causing depression and dull emotions, impaired reward seeking

-ventral striatal and limbic channel

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12
Q

Oculomotor Loop

A
  1. Frontal and Supplementary Eyes Fields
  2. Body of Caudate: eye motions and spacial attention (rapid eye mmts)
  3. Substatia Nigra
  4. Thalamus
  5. Frontal and Supplementary Eyes Fields

-dorsal striatal and oculomotor loop

Deficits: poor saccadic eye mmts

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13
Q

Motor Loops

A
  1. Motor and Premotor Cortex
  2. Putamen: motor planning
  3. Globus Pallidius
  4. Thalamus
  5. Motor and Premotor Cortex

-dorsal striatal and motor channel

Deficits: muscle contractions and force, sequencing
-no caudate

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14
Q

Disinhibition

A

-2 inhibitory neurons target 1
-2nd inhibitory neuron inhibits the first to allow excitatory activity
-fine tuning movements

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15
Q

Motor Loop Internal Pathways

A

Stop
Go
No-Go

-all of GPi as output nucleus; inhibits motor thalmus to excite cortical motor areas to excite motor neurons
-cause excessive or insufficient movement

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16
Q

Stop Pathway

A

-fastest; hyperdirect

Cortex < Glutamate < Sub nuc < glutamate < GPi < GABA < Motor Thalamus: inhibit motor programs to stop irrelevant movement

17
Q

Go Pathway

A

-direct pathway
-activation disinhibits motor

Cortex < Glutamate < Putamen < GABA < GPi < Dopamine (less) < Motor Thalamus: less inhibition to motor thalamus makes specific mmts to cortex via corticospinal

18
Q

No-Go Pathway

A

-indirect pathway
-inhibits unwanted mmt, fine tuning

Cortex < Glutamate < Putamen < Dopamine (inhibits) < GPe < Glutamate (inhibits less) < Subthalamic Nucleus < Glutamate < Gpi < Dopamine (inhibits) < Motor Thalamus

19
Q

Medium Spiny Neurons

A

-spiny projections
-GABAergic inhibitory cells in
Striatum
-Putamen’s D1 and D2 bind to Dopamine (made by Substatia Nigra)

D1: Direct pathway (Go); dopamine excites inhibitory in GPi

D2: Indirect pathway (No-go); dopamine inhibits Neurons in putamen and GPe, disinhibiting SN and stimulating GPi

20
Q

Voluntary Muscle Activity thru Basal Ganglia

A

-motor thalamus to motor tract cells in cortex
-Glutamate
-corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobrainstem

21
Q

Postural and Proximal Limb Muscle Activity thru Basal Ganglia

A

-pedunculopontine nucleus in midbrain to reticulospinal tracts to spinal nerves
-GABA to Glutamate

22
Q

Walking Activity thru Basal Ganglia

A

-midbrain locomotor region to retticulospinal tracts to stepping pattern generators
-ACH than Glutamate

23
Q

Hypokinetic Disorders

A

-too much BG inhibition
-parkinsons

24
Q

Hyperkinetic Disorders

A

-too little inhibition cause
-Huntington’s Disease
-Dystonia
-Tourette’s

25
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

-decreased dopamine from SN leads to excessive activity of GPi inhibiting motor control

Postural Instability Gait Difficulty (PIGD) Subtype:
-bradykinesia
-hypokinesia (freezing gait, pill rolling, masked face, tremor)
-rigidity
-ANS dysfunction
-Cognitive Dysfunction

Tremor Dominant Subtype:
-Hyperkinetic (resting and activie tremor)
-rigidty
-contipation
-orthostatic hypotension

26
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

-hyperkinetic
-genetic disease causing Cortical, striatum, Putamen progressive degeneration
-90% loss of GABA inhibitory neurons in putamen and caudate so less input to GPe (no-go)
-cause GPi to have Ballistic involuntary, continuous mmts (Chorei-form)
-thalamic neurons can fire randomly

27
Q

Dystonia

A

-genetic, nonprogressive, involuntary sustained muscle contractions, abnormal posture and repetitive mmts
-increase during stress or activity

28
Q

Putamen

A

-regulate mmts and influence learning
-part of lentiform nucleus with GP
-part of striatum with caudate nucleus

29
Q

Globus Pallidus Internus

A

-control conscious and proprioceptive mmts
-cognition and motivation
-output nucleus
-primarily inhibitory

30
Q

Globus Pallidus Externus

A

-central hub for motor and non-motor info
-control conscious and proprioceptive mmts
-motivation
-input nucleus

31
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

-ventral striatum with putamen
-planning and execution of mmts, learning, reward, motivation, interaction

32
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Anterior: Prefrontal cortex to thalamus and BS fibers (sensory)

Posterior: Corticospinal, sensory and corticobulbar (both)

Genu: knee of internal capsule

Neuro (29 decks)

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