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Neuro > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-Embryonic Stage

A

0-14 days
-Inner cell mass of cells becomes embryonic disc
-endoderm and ectoderm

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2
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

15dy- 8wks
-3 layers

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

-NS
-epidermis

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4
Q

Mesoderm

A

-CS
-Excretory sys
-dermis
-muscles
-skeleton

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

-Respiratory sys
-organs

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5
Q

Fetal Stage

A

8wks - Birth
-myelination starts

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6
Q

Neural Tube Development

A

18-26 days
-Neural groove done at 21d
-closes at cervical 1st
-Superior neuropore closes at 27d

Inner layer
-grey matter
-dorsal horn: sensory
-ventral horn: motor

Outer layer
-white matter

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7
Q

Somites

A

-appear in occiput first, the caudally

Anteromedial: vertebrae and skull
Posteromedial: muscles of myotome
Later: dermis/dermatome

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8
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

-end of SC

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9
Q

Cauda Equina

A

-individual nerves extending at end of SC
-starts at L1-L2

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10
Q

Filum Terminale

A

-connection of meninges at end of SC

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11
Q

SC Growth

A

-stops at 4-5
-vertebral column stops at 16-18y

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12
Q

Grey and White Matter

A

SC:
Grey: outside, unmyelinated
White: inside, myelinated

Brain:
Grey: inside, unmeylinated, cell bodies
White: outside, myelinated

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13
Q

Brain Development

A

Hindbrain: brainstem (w/o midbrain), 4th ventricle

Midbrain: cerebral aquaduct

Forebrain
Posterior: Diencephalon
Anterior: telencephalon (cortex, white matter, lateral ventricles

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14
Q

Abnormal Neck and reflexes

A

-Asymmetric tonic reflex
-Symmetric tonic reflex
-Tonic labyrinth reflex

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15
Q

Neural Tube Defects

A

-Anencephaly: head does not develop
-Chiari Malformation: foramen magnum contains part of brainstem
-Spina Bifida
-Tethered cord syndrome: filum terminale is stretched

16
Q

Geriatric Cognition

A

-decreases everywhere
-long term memory and procedural are stable
-retention of new info stable but needs more cues
-visual recognition of objects are stable
-decrease in vocabulary

17
Q

Atypical Cognition Aging

A

-mood changes
-visual-spacial changes
-memory changes
-difficulty communicating

18
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

-do not interfere with ADLS (unlike dementia and Alzheimer’s)
-90% develop alzheimer’s
-gradual, opposite of learning

19
Q

Causes of Aging Changes

A

-25% of motor neurons die
-myelin fragmented
-less dendrite density, less neurotransmitters, less synapses
-shrinkage

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