Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > New Final Info > Flashcards

New Final Info Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

-ability to turn external timulation to internal motivation
-identify stimui and respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Association Corticies Inputs

A

-projections from primary and secondary sensory and motor, thalamus, BS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Association Corticies Outputs

A

-hippocampus, BG, cerebellum, thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Temporoparietal Association Cortex

A

-cognitive intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Areas

A

-self awareness
-executive function
-goal setting
-plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Areas

A

-perceives other’s emotion making assumptions
-medial and superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ventral Pefrontal Cortex

A

-connects mood and affects
-medial and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Executive Dysfuntion and Loss of Willpower

A

-Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex < Caudate < GP < Thalamus

-Difficulty planning, initiating, maintaing behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Disinhibition, irritability, and Impulsiveness

A

Orbital Cortex < Caudate < Substantia Nigra < Thalamus

-Social judgement, inappropriate behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Apathy

A

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex < Ventra Striatum < Ventral Pallidum < Thalamus

-Apathetic and lack insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frontal Lobe Syndromes: Paranoia, Delusions

A

Medial Dorsal prefrontal Cortex < Ventral Striatum < Ventral Pallidum < Thalamus

-Undrstanding others emotions and beliefs and intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hemispheric Localization & Lateralization

A

-reduce connection times
-R hand dominance and left
-lateralization occurs at 3-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dominant Hemisphere

A

-usually Left
-motor planning
-math: sequence, analytic calc
-Music: sequential, analytic skill
-Sense of direction: following directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nondominant Hemiphere

A

-usually R
-visual spatial analysis and attention
-Math: estimate quantities
-Music: untrained musicians, complex performance
-Sense of direction: navigating using spatial orientation/awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disconnection Syndromes

A

-leisons to white matter disrupting connections between cortical areas

Ex: conduction aphasia, corpus callosotomy (split brain procedure for epilepsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consciousness System

A

-medial and lateral frontoparietal association cortex and arousal circuits of upper brainstem and diencephalon

-AAA: alertness, attention, Awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AAA

A

Alertness: normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits

Attention: functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and processing frontoparietal association cortex

Awareness: subjective experiences, combine higher order systems, poorly understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reticular Formation

A

-in tegmentum and runs through entire brainstem

Midbrain and Upper Pons: continuous with nuclei diencephalon rostrally, conscious state in forebrain

Pons and Medulla: conntinuous with intermediate zone SC caudally for motor, reflex and autonomic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reticular Acticating System

A

-in upper brainstem-diencephalic junction where lesion can cause coma with multiple interconnected arousal systems acting in parallel to keepp consciousness

Coma from:
-lesion in rostral RF and related structures
-Massive damage damage tto B cerebral cortex
-Damage to B thalamus

-more caudal or ventrtal don’t cause coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Maintenance of Alertness

A

-BS noreinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, ACH, RF w/ glutamate projections
-Posterior hypothalamic neurons
-Basal forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Attention

A

-brain processes that allocate resources to what matters
-frontoparietal assoxiatiooon cortex
-anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, limbic structures

Sustained: viligance, concentration, non distractibility

Switching: change from one task to the other

Selective: able to focus on more than 1

Divided: by performind 2 or more tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dominant Side Language

A

-Comprehension: wernicke’s, left side
-Motor Planning and production: Broca’s, left
-Angular Gyrus: connected to wernicke’s for comprehending spoken and written language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Non-Dominant Side Language

A

-Wernicke’s equivalent on R side: comprehends emotional or tone of voice and facial expressions

-Broca’s equivalent on R side: use of different tones and gestures of communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

-can form words but do not make longical sense as a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

-understands what they want to say but cannot find the words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Logorrhea

A

-excessive wordiness and repetiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Verbal Perservation

A

-repetittive spoken words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Confabulation

A

-patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Alexia/Dyslexia

A

-rerading disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Agraphia

A

-inability to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dysarthria

A

-difficulty speaking because the muscles you use for speech are weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

H.O.M.E

A

-Homeostasis
-Olfaction
-Memory
-Emotional drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Limbic Cortex

A

-corpus callosum
-cingulate
-uncus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-temporal pole
-medial orbitofrontal gyrus
-insula
-hippocamppus
-amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Olfaction

A

-olfactory n. < olfactory bulb < olfactory tract < primary olfactory cortex < amygdala < olfactory tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Working Memory

A

-short term storage and handling info
-goal relevant
-need for language, prooblem solving, reasoning, multi tasking

-lateral prefrontal cortex
-temporparietal ass cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Declarative Memory

A

-memories that can be verbalized (explicit memory)
-recongnizes memory for longer term storage
-not stored in medial temporal lobe
-starts in thlamus selecting inut from temporoparietal ass cortex, encoded into med temporal lobe

  1. Encoding: processing, enhanced by attentiveness, arousal, reviewing
  2. Consolidation: stabilization of memories
    -synapses through long term pootentiatioon (min-hr)
    -systemic through med temporal lobe (min-decade)
  3. Retrieval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Declarative Memory: Lobes

A

Medial Temporal Lobe:
-hippocampus
-fornix: connects hippocampus to mammilary bodies and thalamus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-activated <12yrs

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex:
-voluntary control over medial temp in processing and organizing
-access stored info
-analyzes language
-Retrieval: searches and verifies encooded memories in med temporal
-activated 13+yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Episodic Declarative Memory

A

-personal events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Semantic Declarative Memory

A

-learned common knowledge unrelated to personal events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Procedural Memory

A

-implicit or nonconscious
-harder to verbalize
-learned skills or habits
-perceptual skills
Learning Motor sequence: motor and parietal cortices and striatum
Learned Mmt sequence: sup motor areas and putamen/GP

  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Automatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Amnesia

A

-loss of declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

-looses memories prior to injury
-can create new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

-looses memories after injury
-post traumatic amnesia
-cannot create new mems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Separation of Procedural and Declarative

A

-allow ppl to learn subconsciously w/o remembering learning
-encodes enough info to be able to form mems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Remote Memory

A

-long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Goal Directed Behavior

A

-make goal, plan, execute, monitor plan
Lateral PFC: goal directed behavior and working memory
-inhibits bad behavior
-formulates posibilities

Lateral PFC < head of caudate < GPe and PGi < Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Emotion

A

-short term subjective experience
-can influence perceptions and actions
-can trigger physiologic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Mood

A

-enduring subjectiv eongoing emotional experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Emotion Structures

A

-amygdala
-Medial prefrontal cortex
-thalamus: sadness and depression
-anterior insula: awareness of feelings and internal stimuli
-emotion loop BG

Medial PFC < ventral striatum < thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Amygdala

A

-produces fear, disgust
-interprets social signals
-important for social behavior and emotional learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

Automatic: subconscious, ignoring, leaving

Voluntary: conscious, choosing to control emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Social Behavior

A

-ventral PFC
-connects with regions ass with mood
-steers behaviors and inhibits undesireable, activates ANS

Ventral PFR < Head caudate < Sub nigra < thalamus
-detects relevant info, self control, understands social disapproval (self awareness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Affect vs Mood

A

-mood: feeling
-affect: what i’m showing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

-gut feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Emotional/Social Intelligence

A

-ventral premotor
-amygdala
-ant insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Stress Response

A

-disruption of 3 systems
-restores after response but can linger due to feelings/thinking

-Somatic: motor neurons increase tension

-ANS: sympathetic activity sends blood flow to muscles and reduces central

-Neuroendoocrine sys: adrenal medulla to release epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Loss of Goal Directed Behavior

A

-lack of initiation and follow through
-seen as uncooperative or noncompliant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Apathy

A

-lack of emotion and insight
-may not care to eat or drink

59
Q

Emotional Labile

A

-uncontrolled crying or laughing
-impaired reg of social behaviors
-delusion, mania, depression, anxiety

60
Q

Personality

A

Extraversion: ventral PFR

Neurotocism: amygdala, cingulate, medial PFC, hippocampus

Agreeableness: temporoparietal ass, cingulate

Conscientiousness: lateral PFR

61
Q

Intellect

A

-develop concepts into reason

62
Q

Function of ANS

A

-homeostasis and reproduction (HR, breathing)
-activity of internal organs (metabolism, digestion)
-activity of blood vessels
-Reflexes

63
Q

Overview of ANS

A

-Mostly efferent axons not under conscious control of glands, muscles
-afferent carry info from organs to CNS
-controlled by hypothalamus

SNS: T1-L3
PNS: BS, S2-S4

64
Q

ANS Flow of Info

A

Visceral/Vascular receptors < Limbic sys, hypothalamus, RF, SC < SNS, PNS, Hormones

65
Q

ANS Receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors:
-BP in aorta, carotid sinus, lungs
-Stretch in veins, bladder, intestines

Chemoreceptors:
-02 in carotid and aortic bodies
-H/Co2 in medulla
-GLucose/electrolytes in hypthal

Nociceptors:
-damage to tissue walls and viscera

Thermoreceptors:
-changes in blood temp in hypthal
-external changes to skin

66
Q

ANS Afferent Pathways

A

-enter through SC

Visceral Afferents: ascending neurons to BS, Hypthal, thalamus
-CN 7 & 9 Taste
-CN 9 & 10 Viscera: into solitary nucleus of medulla and pons

Visceral Nocicepive: nociceptive tracts relating to referred pain
-cause muscle guarding

67
Q

BS control of ANS

A

Medulla: regulation through autonomic efferents in SC and vagus n
-HR, RR, vasoconstrictionn/dilation

Pons: respiration

68
Q

Diencephalon and limbic role in ANS

A

-modulation of BS autonomic control
-hypothal
-most visceral input to thalamus is through limbic system

69
Q

Divisions of ANS

A

Main:
-SNS: fight or flight
-PNS: rest and digest

Enteric NS: in gut for GI secretions and digestion

70
Q

Cholinergergic Neurotransmitters

A

-acetylcholine
-all preganglionic neurons on ANS
-PNS post ganglionic neurons

71
Q

Adrenergic Neurotransmitters

A

-Norepineophrine: most SNS postganglionic neurons

-Epinephrine: adrenal medulla

dopamine is precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine

72
Q

Preganlionic FIbers

A

-AB fibers
-neuron from CNS to ganglion
-acetylcholine

73
Q

Postganglionic FIbers

A

-C fibers
-neuron from ganglion to effector organ
-acetylcholine (PNS) or norepinephrine (SNS)

74
Q

Sympathetic NS (pre/post)

A

Preganglionic Neurons: cell bodies in lateral horn (T1-L3) exit through ventral root
-synapse w/ post neuron in communicating ramus (acetylcholine)

Postganglionic Neurons:
1. Cell bodies in sympathetic trunk to innervate smooth muscle and glands
2. Unpaired cells in ganglia < segmental spinal ganglia < abdominal and reproductive organs
- travel longer distances and closer to organs

75
Q

Sympathetic NS Efferents

A

Efferents to Body:
-1 to adrenal medulla
- 2 tracts to periphery and viscera via paravertebral ganglion
- 2 tracts to abdominal and pelvic organs via paravertebral ganglion

T5-L2 pass through trunk w/o synapsing

Efferents to Head:
-originaes in hypothal and synapses in upper thoracic
-preganlionic fibers from upper throacic to cervical (stellate) ganglia via SNS trunk

76
Q

SNS Function

A

-promote circulation to organs (increased SNS constricts, decreased dilates)
-fight or flight (dilation to muscles/lungs, contriction to gut, increase BP, BV, glucose)
-body temp regulation (sweating, goosebumps, dilation of skin BV)

77
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

-from BS to sacral cord lateral horns (S2-S4) < to end organs
-ganglia not interconnected like SNS

Preganlionic Neurons:
-BS Nuclei: CN 3 Edinger Westphal nuc, CN 7 superior salivatory nuc (lacrimal glands), CN 9/10 inferior salivatory nuc and nucleus ambiguus (salivary glands), CN 10 dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (heart, lungs, GI)

Lateral Horn S2-S4:
-pelvic nerves to B/B and external genitalia

78
Q

PNS Function

A

-BS: rest and digest (constriction of pupils/lungs, decreased HR, digestion, glycogen synth)
-Sacral: regulates emtying of B/B and erection of penis and clitoris

79
Q

SNS and PNS Synergy

A

-some actions are balanced by both systems
-some SNS activities controlling limbs and fac are not countered by PNS
-pupil contriction by PNS not countered by SNS

80
Q

Breathing Rhythm Generator

A

-ant medulla blances arousal vs calm
-locus coeruleus responsible for arousal and alertness
-slow breathing inhibits locus c

81
Q

Freeze, Fight, Flight

A

Freeze:
-co activation for SNS and PNS to prepare for action and optimize perception of threat
-amygdala recognizes threat < hypothal and ant medulla stimulate SNS < amygdala activates PNS for vagus to decrease HR and medulla to inhibit muscle contractions

Fight/Flight: PNS output decreases and SNS increases

82
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

lesion of SNS preganglionic n to face ipsi, decreases adrenergic activation of nociceptors
-ptosis: droopy eyelid
-enopthalmos: sunken eye
-miosis: constricted pupil
-imaired sweating
-skin vasodilation (redness)

83
Q

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

A

-SNS efferents affect circulation, breathing, sweating in area

84
Q

SC Injuries

A

-depends on level and completeness

Complete in lumbar:
-B/B and sexual function

Complete injuries above T5
-homeostasis and temp, BP control
-Autonomic dysreflexia

85
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

A

-irritantt below level of lesion causes ascending sympathetic unable to reach brain foor inhibition of BP
-contriction of BV and rapid BP increase
-skin below lesion is pale, above is red
-HR slows
-must induce orthostatic hypotension and check irriant
-cannot be stopped once it starts

86
Q

Brainstem Injuries

A

-impaires efferent control of BP, HR, R
-dysfunction of CN nuclei

87
Q

Cerebral injuries

A

-damage to nuclei in hypothal interferes with homeostasis

88
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

-decrease of 20 systolic and 10 diastolic, increased HR
-pooling of blood in limbs
-baroreceptor reflex to contric arteries
-fainting can be gravity reduced

Cause:
SCI, parkinson’s, neuropathy

89
Q

Syncope

A

-fainting fom lack of blood flow to brain

Neural reflecive:
-emotional distress or pain or pressure on carotid sinus
-Vasovagal: medulla inhibits SNS and reduces HR

Orthostatic hypotension

Cardiac: arrhythmias or structure

90
Q

Peripheral Vestibular System

A

-Vestibular Apparatus
-Semicircular Canals
-Otolithic Organs

91
Q

Central Vestibular System

A

Pathways: vestib ganglion < vestib nuclei
-Medial longitudinal fasciculus
-Vestibulospinal tracts (med/lat)
-Vestibulocolic
-Vestibulothalamocortical
-Vestibulocerebellar
-Vestibulorecticular

Vestibulocerebellum

Vestibulocortex

Vestibib Nuc

92
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

Semicircular Canals: ant, pos, horizontal
-each with an ampulla

Otolithic Organs: utricle, Saccule

Membranous Labyrinth
-separated by perilymph fluid
-filled with endolymph
-hair receptor cells bend with mmt

93
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

-Ampulla that contains a crista with a cupula (gelatanous structure containing hair)
-hairs constanly fire AP when at rest and with head mmts to give information about the body in space
-only actively move during rotation of head

Horizontal: head rotation (no)
Ant and Post: pitch and roll (yes)

-R and L Posterior and anterior work in same plane

Ex: Turn to the L, L endolymph shifts toward kinocilium (activating), R endolymph shifts away froom kinocilium

94
Q

Otolith Organs

A

Urtricle and Saccule: membranous sac that responds to linear acceleration/decceleration
-have a macula that contains hair cells embedded in a gelatinous mass with microscopic cristals (otoliths) on top
-displacement of otoliths sttimulate neurons

Uricle: Horizontal mmt
Saccule: vertical mmt

95
Q

Cervical-Ocular Reflex

A

-postural adjustments of head in response to SCC
-substitution for VOR when absent

96
Q

Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex

A

-postural tone and adjustments of the body for balance while maintaining equilibrium

97
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

-Bilateral connections to extraocular eye muscles and superior colliculus

98
Q

Cerebello-Thalamocortical Pathways

A

-ascending pathway
-lateral and superior vestib colliculi < thalamus < posterior parietal cortex

99
Q

Vestibular System Function

A

-provides CNS info of head and body
-stable visiono while head is moving
-internal refernce to determine appropriateness of sensory info

100
Q

Vestibulo Occular Reflex

A

-head and eyes move in diff direction to maintain view
-opp lateral rectus activate to move eyes in same direction

101
Q

Activation of hair cells

A

-movement that bends hair toward kinocilium causes depolarization and activation
-movement that bends hair away from kinocilium causes hyperpolarization and deactiviation

102
Q

Otolith Ocular Reflex

A

-input from otoliths
-output to eye muscles
-controls horizoontal and vertical eye mmts
-via linear VOR

103
Q

Benign Parooxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

-BPPV
-most common
-crystals from utricle or saccule (MC) fall into SCC (PSCC MC)
-cause change in endolymh viscosity and fire nerve signals
-brief vertigo and nystagmus

Canalithiasis (MC):
-otoconia fall off and free float in PSCC
-latent onset of vertico and nystagmus after provoking
-disappears in 1 min

Cupulolithiasis:
-otoconia fall off and adhere to cupula of PSCC making cupula denser around endolymph
-immediate vertigo is persistent until head moved
-nystagmus

104
Q

Nystagmus

A

-non voluntary rhythmic oscillation of eyes
-named by fast phase
-can be suppressed by fixation
-viewed with frenzel or infared goggles

CNS:
-smooth pursuit and saccades (cerebellum and brainstem)
-often follows gaze
-typically vertical, constant

Peripheral Vestib:
-Slow phase: VOR
-fast phase: corrective saccade
-usually horizontal

BPPV:
-named by torsion (canal) and rotary component toward lesion
-Upbeat and rotary for PSCC

Physiologic: induced by normal stimuli; spinning
Pathologic: abnormal, 4 types

105
Q

Neuritis/Labyrinthitis

A

Neuritis: no hearing loss
Labryrinthitis: hearing loss and tinitis

-infection/inflammation causing hypofunction
-fireing rate affected
-long lasting 3-7d
-nystagmus fixed on good side in all 3 degrees of gaze

106
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

-tumor on cochlear n

107
Q

Endolymphatic Hydrops/Meniere’s

A

-chroonic condition of inner ear

108
Q

Fistula/Dehiscence

A

-trauma, fluid exchange, tears

109
Q

Vesibular Hypofunction

A

-damage to inner ear or vestib n
-affects VOR and VSR

-unilateral: dizzy
-bilateral: moving images

110
Q

Spontaneous Nystagmus

A

-cns or pns vestib problem

111
Q

Positional Nystagmus

A

-paroxysmal or static
-Torsional: BPPV or brainstem
-Down/upbeat: cerebellar dysfunction

112
Q

Gaze evoked Nystagmus

A

-eyes drift toward center, contantly corrective

113
Q

Congenital Nystagmus

A

-birth

114
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

-neural capacitty to alter brain function, neurotransmitters and structure
-memory and learning
-healing from damage

Mechanisms: habituation, new experiences, recovery after injury

115
Q

Learning

A

-change in behavior from knowledge and practice
-process of acquisition

116
Q

Memory

A

-process that knowledge is encoded, stored and recalled
-product of learning

117
Q

Motor Learning

A

-learning new strategies from moving
-permanent changes in behavior
-increases activity of thalamocortical pathways
-parallel pathways aid in efficiency and redundancy

118
Q

Performance

A

-temporary change in motor behavior

119
Q

Habituation

A

-simple form of neuroplasticity
-supression of repetitive non-noxious stimuli
-after rest, response can be ilicited to same stimulus

Short term: changes in neurotransmitter and concentration of Ca

Long term: repeated stimulation causeing structural changes

120
Q

Sensitization

A

-strengthening response to stimuli preceded by noxious stimuli
-more complex than habituation
-alters K+ allowing longer AP and more neurotransmitter

Long term: increased strength of existing, new proteins, new synapses, modified current synapses

121
Q

Assoociative Learning

A

-person can predict association
-conditioning
-2 neurons activated causes protein altering

Long term: new protein synthesis with formation fo new synapses

122
Q

Classic Conditioning

A

-1 stimulus to another
-weak stumulus and response paired with stronger stimulus
-pavlov

123
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

-behavior to consequences
-trial and error: behavior shaped by internal throughts and motivation
-consequences: reinforcement to strengthen behavior and punishment to weaken

124
Q

Implicit Procedural Learning

A

-skills and habits
-must be performed by learner
-basal ganglia loops

125
Q

Explicit Learning

A

-coonscioous processes with end product of acquiring knowledge
-prefrontal cortex, limbic

126
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

-similar to pottentiation
-requires stimuli at the same location
-weak is facilitatied if stimulated in ass with stronger (associativity, specificity and cooperativity (pre and post working together))
-increased neurotransmitter

Shorter term: functional changes only
Long term: protein synthesis

Hippocampus and temporal lobe for spatial memory that can be verbalized

127
Q

Long Term Depression

A

-similar to habituation
-acticate weak synapses

128
Q

Specificity

A

-only highly actice will exibit LTP
-selective memory

129
Q

Cooperativity

A

-requires >1 neuron working togetther
-pre and post together

130
Q

Associativity

A

-contributing fibers and post synaptic cells working together

131
Q

Implicit and explicit memory

A

-can shift between each
-used in most learning activities

132
Q

Early Cognitive Phase

A

-high attention
-activation inc then dec in dorsolateral PFC, sensorimotor coorticies, parietal and cerebellum
-sesnory feedback
-performance witth rapid improvement

133
Q

Associative Phase

A

-motor/sensory apthways active but less
-inc in cerebellar activity and basal ganglia
-executive function needed
-new skills, compare results
-refine skill
-slower improvements

134
Q

Autonomous Stage

A

-primary cortex remains activice but decreased
-more automatic basal ganglia
-increased accuracy
-stable performance

135
Q

Brain Injury

A

-cell death causes <excitotoxicity <release glutamate < destroy post synaptic neurons < increased Ca and K < more glycolysis needed < breaking down cell < cellular inflammation from arachidonic acid < free radicals < cellular edema

136
Q

Axonal Injury

A

injury < axons retract away < wallerian degeneration < distal segment dies < glial cells clean up < cell body degenerates through chromatolysis < post synaptic cell may die

137
Q

Axon Injury Regrowth

A

Sprouting: new branch of intact axon

Collateral sprouting: neighbo r neuron reinnervates

Regenerative sprouting: damaged neuron sends new sorts to new target

Schwann cells regrow axon 1mm/day, exercise day 5 helps

-PNS

138
Q

Diffuse Axonal Injury

A

-DAI
-TBI from high velocity injuries cause widespread tearing
-CNS

139
Q

Neurite Outgrowth inhibitor

A

-NOGO
-glial scars revent aconal regeneration in CNS

140
Q

Cell Body Death

A

-always causes neuron death

141
Q

Synaptic Changes after Injury

A

Recovery of synaptic effectivenss
-resolution of edema

Denervation hypersensitivity
-increased post synaptic receptors

Synaptic Hypereffectiveness
-presynaptic terminals are damaged and post receive it all

Unmasking of silent synapses

142
Q

Principles of Plasticity

A
  1. Use it or lose it
  2. Use and improve it
  3. Specificity
  4. Repetition matters
  5. Intensity matters
  6. Time Matters: work at diff times
  7. Salience Matters: meaningful tasks
  8. Age
  9. Transference: can enhance aquisition of similar behaviors
  10. Interference: one experience can interfere with another behavior
143
Q

Voluntary Movement 3 Phases

A

Target identification: post parietal cortex

Planning of action: premotor areas of frontal cortex

Execution of action: primary motor

Neuro (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions