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Psychology > Sensation and Perception Part 4 > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Part 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception is _____ and involves both _____-______ and ________-______ processing.

A

Constructive, bottom up, top down.

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2
Q

What is crucial in interpreting sensory experience?

A

The observer’s knowledge and experience

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3
Q

Who in 1890 described the perceptual world of the new born infant?

A

William James

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4
Q

What did William James describe the perceptual world of a newborn infant as?

A

A “blooming buzzing confusion”.

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5
Q

Why did William James describe the perceptual world of a newborn infant as a “blooming buzzing confusion”?

A

Because they lack the perceptual experience that adults have in order to interpret visual experience.

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6
Q

At birth, _____ capabilities are not fully developed.

A

Sensory

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7
Q

What is relatively poor at birth?

A

Vision is relatively poor.

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8
Q

What happens to the underdeveloped visual system at birth?

A

The visual system continues to mature after birth up until toddler years.

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9
Q

What cones are under-developed/poorly developed in newborns?

A

Foveal Cones

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10
Q

What does the inner segment of a foveal cone do?

A

It captures light energy.

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11
Q

In newborns, describe the structure of the inner segment of the foveal cone.

A

It is short and stumpy.

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12
Q

Because infants have a short and stumpy inner segment of their foveal cones, what does this mean?

A

It means that they can’t capture light energy as efficiently as adults can.

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13
Q

What is the other difference to do with foveal cones between newborns and adults?

A

In newborns the foveal cones are more widely spaced.

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14
Q

What does having more widely spaced foveal cones mean for infants?

A

It means that they wont be capturing the same amount of information as adults can therefore newborns will experience less detail than adults.

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15
Q

The _____ nerve _____ is incomplete at birth.

A

Optic, myelination.

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16
Q

Explain myelination.

A

The production of a myelin sheath to wrap around a nerve, which helps to conduct neural impulses.

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17
Q

What does the incompletion of myelination of the optic nerve in newborns result in?

A

It means that neural impulses can’t be transmitted as efficiently, therefore the travelling of information takes longer.

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18
Q

What else (apart from cones and myelination) isn’t fully developed at birth?

A

The visual cortex.

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19
Q

What layers of the visual cortex mature the earliest?

A

Deep cortical layers mature earlier than the superficial (outside) layers.

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20
Q

Because the visual cortex is underdeveloped in newborns, what does this result in?

A

It means that the interpretation of information isn’t as effective or efficient as adults.

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21
Q

It can be said that we can measure visual _______.

A

Acuity.

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22
Q

What chart do we use to asses vision?

A

Snellen Chart

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23
Q

The lower down the Snellen chart you can read, the ______ your vision.

A

Better

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24
Q

What does 20/200 vision mean?

A

The letter should be able to be seen from 200 feet away, but can only be seen from 20 feet away.

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25
Q

0-1 month olds have 20/_____ or 20/______ vision.

A

400, 600

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26
Q

What vision do infants between 6 and 12 months old have?

A

Approximately 20/40 or 20/30 vision.

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27
Q

Adults have near to ___/___ vision.

A

20/20

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28
Q

Name 4 ways we can measure perception in infants.

A

Preferential Looking
Sucking Rate
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
Tracking of a moving stimulus

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29
Q

Why is it difficult to measure perception in infants?

A

Because they are non-verbal and can’t responds as well as an adult.

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30
Q

What does sucking rate exploit?

A

Sucking rate exploits a baby’s natural behaviour to suck things.

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31
Q

Describe the sucking rate stimulus.

A
  • Give baby a dummy which is hooked up to a machine

- Record sucking rate and look for changes of sucking rate on presentation of a stimulus

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32
Q

If a change in sucking rate occurs upon the presentation of a stimulus, what can we presume?

A

We can presume that the baby can perceive the stimulus.

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33
Q

If babies are able to track the movement of a stimulus with their eyes, what can we presume?

A

We can presume that the baby is able to perceive that stimulus.

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34
Q

What does VEP stand for?

A

Visual Evoked Potential

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35
Q

In VEP what is recorded?

A

The electrical activity of the brain.

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36
Q

In Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), how is the electrical activity of the brain recorded?

A

By putting electrodes on the scalp.

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37
Q

In VEP specific activity within the ____ indicates whether or not the image is _______.

A

Brain, perceived.

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38
Q

Describe what happens in a preferential looking experiment.

A
  • 2 stimuli are presented simultaneously
  • 1 stimuli is of more interest than the other eg. one patterned square and one blank square
  • We then see if the infant will attend to that stimulus more than the other aka. have they perceived the pattern?
  • The experimenter looks through a peephole and records what side the infant looked at.
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39
Q

In a preferential looking experiment, what makes it more reliable?

A

If the experimenter doesn’t know what side the stimulus of interest is on eg. is blind to it :)

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40
Q

In preferential looking, in what case can we presume that the infant perceived the pattern?

A

If they looked at the patterned square as apposed to the blank square.

41
Q

If an infant reaches for a target, we assume they can perceive it. What is this known as?

A

Preferential Reaching

42
Q

What did Walton, Bower and Bower 1992 find regarding babies and photos of women/mothers?

A
  • Very young babies look longer at photos of their mother than photos of other women
  • They also alter their sucking rate when they see a picture of their mother over another woman (even with same hair colour as mum etc.)
43
Q

What did Quinn, Yahr, Khun, Slater and pascalis (2002) suggest?

A

They suggested that children had a preference for faces of the gender that was the same gender as their primary caregiver.

44
Q

Children prefer the gender of the face that they have had more _____ with.

A

experience

45
Q

Both of these facial experiments (Walton and Quinn) highlight the importance of what?

A

They highlight the importance of innate behaviour and experience.

46
Q

Describe the experiment that Johnson, Dziurawiec, Ellis and Morton (1991) carried out.

A
  • They showed infants face-like, non face like (scrambled) and blank paddles
  • They measured how much infants followed these by moving their eyes and head
47
Q

What was the result of the 1991 paddle face experiment?

A

Infants were found to show preference for face-like stimuli as early as 5 days old.

48
Q

Turati, Valenza, Leo and Simon (2005) used _______ _______ to measure _____ ________ in the human ______.

A

eye tracking
perceptual interest
face.

49
Q

3 month olds prefer ____ face images to _____ ones.

A

natural, unnatural

50
Q

What do 3 month olds demonstrate that is not present in newborns?

A

Cognitive Specialisation.

51
Q

In terms of faces and newborns what did Turati et al. (2005) find?

A

That new-borns are sensitive to configuration of features but not to faces specifically.

52
Q

What does configuration of features mean?

A

How the features are arranged.

53
Q

Newborn infants display a preference for certain _____ of face stimuli.

A

configuration

54
Q

What does the new-born’s preference for face like configurations reflect?

A

They don’t yet have a general preference for faces but this preference may lead to its specialisation with increased experience.

55
Q

What location is the face like pattern preferred to be in? (upper or lower half?) And why?

A

The Upper Half

The pattern is consistent to face like configuration of elements (eg. eyes and nose).

56
Q

Name the 3 main classes of depth cue.

A 
Kinetic (movement) cues
Binocular Cues (stereopsis)
Monocular (pictorial) cues- static cues.
57
Q

Sensitivity to the 3 different depth cues appear to ____ at _____ _______.

A

develop

different rates

58
Q

Optical Expansion/Looming is a ____ _____ cue.

A

Kinetic depth

59
Q

What is Optical Looming?

A

The rapid increasing in the size of retinal image.

60
Q

What sensation does Optical Expansion/Looming give us?

A

Optical Looming gives us the sensation that an object is coming towards us.

61
Q

How can we tell if infants are sensitive to Optical Looming?

A

If they perceive the optical loom then they will blink defensively.

62
Q

Infants as young as 2 months respond to optical ______.

A

Looming.

63
Q

Acretion/Deletion of texture is a ______ ______ cue.

A

Kinetic depth

64
Q

Another kinetic depth cue is _____ surfaces in ______.

A

texture, motion.

65
Q

What does the accretion/deletion of texture surface infer?

A

That 1 part is moving in front and 1 part of texture has moved behind.

66
Q

In what situation can we assume that infants perceived accretion/deletion of texture?

A

If they were able to reach for the nearer surface (using preferential reaching)

67
Q

_____ parallax is an example of a _____ depth cue.

A

Motion, kinetic

68
Q

What is evidence for the early development of motion parallax?

A

The Visual Cliff (Gibson and Walk, 1960)

69
Q

Visual cliff- The whole table is glass however a checked pattern under the table creates the illusion that there is a _____.

A

drop

70
Q

In the Visual Cliff experiment, what happened when the parent beckoned the baby?

A

The baby crawled until the perceived drop, but they wouldn’t cross past the cliff.

71
Q

When the baby wouldn’t cross the “cliff” what does this prove?

A

It proves that the baby perceived the drop.

72
Q

What is the flaw of the Visual Cliff experiment?

A

By the time human infants can crawl they will already have had approximately 8 months of visual experience.

73
Q

The visual cliff experiment was tested on chicks that had just hatched and they did the same as the 8 month old babies, what does this show?

A

It shows that it must be learnt very soon after birth.

74
Q

Each of our eyes has a slightly different _____- a combination of the 2 images gives rise to ______ _______.

A

view, stereoptic depth

75
Q

Richard Held measured infants’ sensitivity to _____ cues using visual objects (as in 3D movies).

A

binocular

76
Q

How did Richard Held measure infants’ sensitivity to binocular cues?

A

-He measure infants’ preferential looking to 1 stimulus that had depth and 1 that had no depth.

77
Q

What did Held find? What can we conclude from this?

A

Infants of approx. 3.5 months preferred the cue that had depth in it.
From this we can conclude that infants don’t use disparity until approx. 3.5 months.

78
Q

What is Stereoacuity?

A

It is a measure of stereopsis aka. how good/bad it is.

79
Q

What is an arc second?

A

An angular measurement, the smaller the angle, the better the stereoacuity is achieved.

80
Q

What did Brown, Lindsey, Satgunam and Miracle (2007) fiind about stereoacuity at 3 months?

A

They found that Stereoacuity is unmeasurable.

81
Q

What did Brown, Lindsey, Satgunam and Miracle (2007) fiind about stereoacuity at 5 months?

A

At 5 Months, stereoacuity is 474 arc seconds.

82
Q

What is the stereoacuity for an adult? (Brown et al.)

A

5-10 arc seconds

83
Q

What can we conclude from the Brown, Lindsey, Satgunam and Miracle (2007) experiment?

A

That stereopsis emerges between 3 to 5 months, but it takes experience to have the arc second of an adult.

84
Q

What cues are effective for a stationary observer in a motionless scene?

A

Pictorial Depth cues (monocular static depth cues)

85
Q

Using monocular cues, what can we use and to infer what?

A

We can use the size of retinal image to infer how far or close an image is.

86
Q

If a retinal image is smaller than the standard size, what do we perceive this as?

A

We perceive this as further away.

87
Q

Name the monocular depth cues.

A 
Relative Size
Relative Height
Linear Perspective
Ariel Perspective
Interposition/occlusion
88
Q

What monocular cue did Yonas, Granrud and Pettersen (1985) test?

A

Relative Size

89
Q

How did Yonas, Granrud and Pettersen (1985) test relative size?

A
  • They tested 5 month, 5.5 month and 7 month old infants
  • Used a pair of stimuli, 1 bigger and 1 smaller
  • They used preferential reaching
  • If infant had sensitivity to relative size then they would reach for the object that appeared closer (the bigger one)
90
Q

At what age did infants display sensitivity to relative size?

A

At 5.5 months and at 7 months, but not at 5 months.

91
Q

What is occlusion?

A

When an object in front of an other appears closer than the one behind it.

92
Q

Granrud and Yonas (1984) used a reaching _____ and a stimuli that was interposed and another that was not.

A

paradigm

93
Q

If infants are sensitive to interposition what should they do?

A

The should reach for the interposed shape.

94
Q

It was found that ___ month olds but not _ month olds reached for the interposed stimuli in the experiment (Granrud and Yonas).

A

7, 5

95
Q

What do the series of experiments from Grandrud and Yonas display?

A

That 7 month olds have sensitivity to monocular depth cues for certain.

96
Q

Name the order of emergence of sensitivity to the depth cues:

  • Around 2 months
  • Around 5 months
  • Around 7 months
A
  • Kinetic Depth Cues
  • Binocular Depth Cues
  • Monocular depth cues
97
Q

Why is the perceptual world of the newborn NOT a “blooming buzzing confusion”?

A

Because infants orient meaningfully to stimuli from birth, but extensive perceptual learning is clearly taking place.

98
Q

Perceptual development is clearly very _______. Yet the infant’s perceptual ______ seems quite limited especially for ______-______ processing.

A

rapid, experience, top down (because have to have knowledge for this processing)

99
Q

The question is, is perceptual organisation _____ or do we have the extraordinary ability to ______ how to ______ input, or it could be a bit of both!

A

innate, learn, organise.

Psychology (24 decks)

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