Learning Theory- Classical conditioning

Question 1

Learning is a ____.

Answer 1

process

Question 2

You learn with _____.

Answer 2

experience

Question 3

Learning is ____ but can ____.

Answer 3

enduring, change

Question 4

Who was behaviourism founded by?

Answer 4

John Watson in 1913

Question 5

Define behaviourism

Answer 5

psychology as the study of behaviour

Question 6

behaviourist view: learning as the ______ of psychology

Answer 6

centrepiece

Question 7

Watson focused on the relationship between ______ and _______ and events in the environment.

Answer 7

behaviour and stimuli

Question 8

define habituation.

Answer 8

learning as the attenuation of a current response

Question 9

what is attenuation?

Answer 9

reduction

Question 10

what does habituation require?

Answer 10

repetition of a single harmless stimulus

Question 11

Give 2 examples of habituation :)

Answer 11

1. humans- loud noise eventually forget it’s there

2. snail- poke it continuously and will stop contracting into its shell

Question 12

Dishabituation is also known as _______.

Answer 12

Sensitisation

Question 13

Define Sensitisation

Answer 13

An increase in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

Question 14

Give 2 examples of sensitisation.

Answer 14

human- water torture or tap dripping, snail- contracts more body parts

Question 15

It is important to respond in some way to ______ stimuli but not expend ______ on reacting to _____ events.

Answer 15

harmful, energy, safe

Question 16

What did Groves and Thomson (1970) believe regarding habituation and sensitisation?

Answer 16

That they both happen at the same time.

Question 17

Groves and Thomson (1970) said that is the amount of arousal produced is high then sensitisation occurs ___ than _____ and so the overall behavioural response is an ____ response to the stimulus.

Answer 17

more, habituation, increased

Question 18

What psychologist was associated with associate learning?

Answer 18

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Question 19

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 19

The association of 2 stimuli such that one stimulus becomes associated with the response normally given to the other

Question 20

What did original classical conditioning research examine?

Answer 20

Examined digestion in dogs

Question 21

What did Pavlov’s classical conditioning research measure and what did they notice?

Answer 21

Measured salivary response to food and they noticed that saliva production began to happen before the presentation of the food.

Question 22

Pavlov testes his idea with ____.

Answer 22

tones

Question 23

A tone was sounded every time the dogs got _____.

Answer 23

food

Question 24

What did the dogs then eventually do (after getting tone then food)?

Answer 24

They salivated to the tone even when there wasn’t any food

Question 25

Therefore Pavlov concluded in his research that ___ and ____ became ______ to produce the same _____.

Answer 25

tone, food, associate, response

Question 26

Name the four types of stimulus/response terminology

Answer 26

``` unconditioned stimulus (UCS) conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned response (CR) ```

Question 27

use the Pavlov experiment to assign an object to each type of response/stimulus eg. UCS, CR, UCR,CS

Answer 27

Unconditioned stimulus= steak Unconditioned response= dog produces saliva conditioned stimulus= tone conditioned response= dog produces saliva

Question 28

With the tone and the steak, stimulus _____ occurred.

Answer 28

substitution

Question 29

Is the conditioned response weaker or stronger than the unconditioned response?

Answer 29

The CR is weaker than the UCR

Question 30

Associative learning/classical conditioning is a basic ___ process that occurs across species.

Answer 30

learning

Question 31

What is the function of associative behaviour/ classical conditioning?

Answer 31

to alert organisms to an important upcoming event

Question 32

Acquisition= ______ pairing of UCS (food) with CS (tone) is usually necessary to elicit a strong ____.

Answer 32

continued, CR

Question 33

What might a particularly intense UCS result in, even after one CS-UCS pairing?

Answer 33

Strong conditioning

Question 34

When the CS (tone) is continually presented without the UCS (food) the strength of the CR reduces until it disappears, what is this known as?

Answer 34

extinction

Question 35

Define spontaneous recovery

Answer 35

When the organism performs the CR after extinction.

Question 36

Extinction isn't about ____ the association but rather about _____ the response

Answer 36

unlearning, inhibiting

Question 37

The principle of temporal contiguity- what's the most effective conditioning method?

Answer 37

When the CS predicts the onset of the UCS.

Question 38

When does a slower learning happen (in conditioning)?

Answer 38

during simultaneous pairing

Question 39

The slowest learning is with backward pairing, define backward pairing

Answer 39

when the UCS precedes the CS

Question 40

Define Generalisation in terms of Pavlov.

Answer 40

A similar stimulus to the CS will also elicit a CR, the greater the similarity the more likely it is to occur.

Question 41

Define discrimination in terms of pavlov.

Answer 41

A stimulus that is markedly different to the CS wont elicit a CR

Question 42

Define high-order conditioning and give an example

Answer 42

When a whole chain of items become associated with a response eg. black square shown prior to tone, then get food= dogs salivate to black square

Question 43

Name one application of classical conditioning.

Answer 43

Phobias

Question 44

what happened to little albert? (Watson and Rayner 1920)

Answer 44

no reaction when rat alone, after several rat and loud noise pairings, started crying whenever he saw the rat alone

Question 45

Little Albert's fear _____ to similar creatures.

Answer 45

generalised

Question 46

Define exposure therapy.

Answer 46

Exposure to the CS without the UCS allowing extinction to occur

Question 47

Exposure therapy can involve real life, ____, mental imagery or _____ ______.

Answer 47

hypnosis, virtual reality

Question 48

what is flooding?

Answer 48

Flooding is intense exposure to trigger stimulus, causing anxiety at the maximum level

Question 49

A graduated exposure to the trigger stimulus is known as _______ _______.

Answer 49

systematic desensitisation

Question 50

As well as phobia, classical conditioning has also been linked to _____.

Answer 50

fetishism

Question 51

Similar conditioning parings can occur with those who have an ______. Give an example.

Answer 51

allergy, plastic fish gave same allergic reaction as real gold fish allergen

Question 52

people receiving Chemotherapy often get _____ ______ as a result of associative learning.

Answer 52

anticipatory nausea

Question 53

even the immune system response can become paired with a ______ stimulus.

Answer 53

neutral