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Psychology > Learning Theory- Classical conditioning > Flashcards

Learning Theory- Classical conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning is a ____.

A

process

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2
Q

You learn with _____.

A

experience

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3
Q

Learning is ____ but can ____.

A

enduring, change

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4
Q

Who was behaviourism founded by?

A

John Watson in 1913

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5
Q

Define behaviourism

A

psychology as the study of behaviour

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6
Q

behaviourist view: learning as the ______ of psychology

A

centrepiece

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7
Q

Watson focused on the relationship between ______ and _______ and events in the environment.

A

behaviour and stimuli

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8
Q

define habituation.

A

learning as the attenuation of a current response

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9
Q

what is attenuation?

A

reduction

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10
Q

what does habituation require?

A

repetition of a single harmless stimulus

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of habituation :)

A
  1. humans- loud noise eventually forget it’s there

2. snail- poke it continuously and will stop contracting into its shell

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12
Q

Dishabituation is also known as _______.

A

Sensitisation

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13
Q

Define Sensitisation

A

An increase in strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of sensitisation.

A

human- water torture or tap dripping, snail- contracts more body parts

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15
Q

It is important to respond in some way to ______ stimuli but not expend ______ on reacting to _____ events.

A

harmful, energy, safe

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16
Q

What did Groves and Thomson (1970) believe regarding habituation and sensitisation?

A

That they both happen at the same time.

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17
Q

Groves and Thomson (1970) said that is the amount of arousal produced is high then sensitisation occurs ___ than _____ and so the overall behavioural response is an ____ response to the stimulus.

A

more, habituation, increased

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18
Q

What psychologist was associated with associate learning?

A

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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19
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

The association of 2 stimuli such that one stimulus becomes associated with the response normally given to the other

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20
Q

What did original classical conditioning research examine?

A

Examined digestion in dogs

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21
Q

What did Pavlov’s classical conditioning research measure and what did they notice?

A

Measured salivary response to food and they noticed that saliva production began to happen before the presentation of the food.

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22
Q

Pavlov testes his idea with ____.

A

tones

23
Q

A tone was sounded every time the dogs got _____.

A

food

24
Q

What did the dogs then eventually do (after getting tone then food)?

A

They salivated to the tone even when there wasn’t any food

25
Q

Therefore Pavlov concluded in his research that ___ and ____ became ______ to produce the same _____.

A

tone, food, associate, response

26
Q

Name the four types of stimulus/response terminology

A 
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned response (CR)
27
Q

use the Pavlov experiment to assign an object to each type of response/stimulus eg. UCS, CR, UCR,CS

A

Unconditioned stimulus= steak
Unconditioned response= dog produces saliva
conditioned stimulus= tone
conditioned response= dog produces saliva

28
Q

With the tone and the steak, stimulus _____ occurred.

A

substitution

29
Q

Is the conditioned response weaker or stronger than the unconditioned response?

A

The CR is weaker than the UCR

30
Q

Associative learning/classical conditioning is a basic ___ process that occurs across species.

A

learning

31
Q

What is the function of associative behaviour/ classical conditioning?

A

to alert organisms to an important upcoming event

32
Q

Acquisition= ______ pairing of UCS (food) with CS (tone) is usually necessary to elicit a strong ____.

A

continued, CR

33
Q

What might a particularly intense UCS result in, even after one CS-UCS pairing?

A

Strong conditioning

34
Q

When the CS (tone) is continually presented without the UCS (food) the strength of the CR reduces until it disappears, what is this known as?

A

extinction

35
Q

Define spontaneous recovery

A

When the organism performs the CR after extinction.

36
Q

Extinction isn’t about ____ the association but rather about _____ the response

A

unlearning, inhibiting

37
Q

The principle of temporal contiguity- what’s the most effective conditioning method?

A

When the CS predicts the onset of the UCS.

38
Q

When does a slower learning happen (in conditioning)?

A

during simultaneous pairing

39
Q

The slowest learning is with backward pairing, define backward pairing

A

when the UCS precedes the CS

40
Q

Define Generalisation in terms of Pavlov.

A

A similar stimulus to the CS will also elicit a CR, the greater the similarity the more likely it is to occur.

41
Q

Define discrimination in terms of pavlov.

A

A stimulus that is markedly different to the CS wont elicit a CR

42
Q

Define high-order conditioning and give an example

A

When a whole chain of items become associated with a response eg. black square shown prior to tone, then get food= dogs salivate to black square

43
Q

Name one application of classical conditioning.

A

Phobias

44
Q

what happened to little albert? (Watson and Rayner 1920)

A

no reaction when rat alone, after several rat and loud noise pairings, started crying whenever he saw the rat alone

45
Q

Little Albert’s fear _____ to similar creatures.

A

generalised

46
Q

Define exposure therapy.

A

Exposure to the CS without the UCS allowing extinction to occur

47
Q

Exposure therapy can involve real life, ____, mental imagery or _____ ______.

A

hypnosis, virtual reality

48
Q

what is flooding?

A

Flooding is intense exposure to trigger stimulus, causing anxiety at the maximum level

49
Q

A graduated exposure to the trigger stimulus is known as _______ _______.

A

systematic desensitisation

50
Q

As well as phobia, classical conditioning has also been linked to _____.

A

fetishism

51
Q

Similar conditioning parings can occur with those who have an ______. Give an example.

A

allergy, plastic fish gave same allergic reaction as real gold fish allergen

52
Q

people receiving Chemotherapy often get _____ ______ as a result of associative learning.

A

anticipatory nausea

53
Q

even the immune system response can become paired with a ______ stimulus.

A

neutral

Psychology (24 decks)

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