Challenges for the behaviourist approach Flashcards

1
Q

How is conditioning linked to evolution?

A

Survival prospects can be enhanced by conditioning aka. prediction of events/dangerous situations

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2
Q

What did behaviourists assume?

A

Behaviourists assumed that anything could be taught using principles of conditioning.

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3
Q

Animals are hardwired to learn certain associations much better than others, this is known as _____.

A

Preparedness

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4
Q

Learning is best with a short ____-_____ time _____.

A

cs, ucs, time interval

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5
Q

what did Garcia show?

A

animals could reliably learn the food-nausea associations much better than others

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6
Q

Garcia called the food-nausea associative learning- _____________.

A

Taste Aversion

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7
Q

What animal did the Garcia and Koelling (1966) experiment involve?

A

rats

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8
Q

Rats were simultaneously exposed to _____, ______ and ________. Then _____ to cause ______.

A

sweet water, light, buzzer. Irradiated, nausea.

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9
Q

Rats who were irradiated to cause nausea- what stimuli did they dislike?

A

They disliked the sweet water, didn’t mind the light or buzzer though.

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10
Q

When the rats were given an electric shock to all the stimuli, what stimuli did they become adverse to?

A

The light and buzzer, they didn’t mind the sweet water.

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11
Q

What did Garcia’s experiment show about how our behaviours are linked to nature?

A

In nature, it is food and drink that makes us ill so it makes sense for a food-illness association to be learned quickly and strongly.

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12
Q

Changes in light and sound are more associated with ______ harm.

A

physical

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13
Q

Broberg and Bernstein (1987) used this practically. What did they do?

A

They gave child cancer patients a strange tasting sweet before chemo, so this sweet was associated with nausea rather than other foods or hospital.

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14
Q

What objects do we tend to be scared of and can be paired easily with an electric shock?

A

snakes, spiders and angry faces

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15
Q

Flowers, houses and happy faces are not easily paired with an _____ ______ as they tend not to cause _____ _____.

A

electric shock, physical, pain

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16
Q

Define Instinctive Drift.

A

Some instinctual behaviours are too strong and simply “override” learning

17
Q

What did behaviourists believe happened when presented with a stimulus?

A

There would automatically be a response.

18
Q

Some argue there is a stage between stimulus and response, what is this stage?

A

The Organism’s Cognitive Representation

19
Q

What is it said that Kohler’s chimps used in order to stack the boxes to reach the bananas?

A

Insight- problem solving rather than trial and error.

20
Q

_____ and rats in a maze.

21
Q

In Tolmans trained rats along one ____ which leads to _____.

A

path, food

22
Q

Tolmans rats were then exposed to _____.

A

many paths

23
Q

What do Tolmans do when they are exposed to more than the one path?

A

They explore a few inches of each path and then head down the same one as they were trained to (the same spatial location as the earlier path).

24
Q

What was Tolmans explanation for the rats finding the 1st path?

A

They had a cognitive map.

25
Tolman also found that rats could learn these cognitive maps with no _____.
reinforcer.
26
in Tolmans second rat experiment with no reinforcer, learning only became evident when _________.
There was a reason (food incentive) to navigate quickly through the maze. Eg. when there was FOOD.
27
In both with or without a reinforcer, what did Tolmans rats construct?
They constructed a cognitive map
28
What did Rescorla 1968 investigate?
Expectancy
29
Name the different responses of the 3 groups: 1. Rat presented with tone and shock 2. Rats presented with tone but no shock, sometimes presented tone with shock.
1. Fear response, froze in place | 2. no fear response to any tone
30
What does expectancy show?
We only condition to stimuli that consistently act as predictors.
31
Give the equation to do with expectancy.
delta V = a ( max value a could reach - V)
32
What does a stand for in the equation?
rate of learning
33
what does V stand for?
V= the strength of association
34
1. Rat gets light and shock 2. Then gets light, noise and shock 3. Rats haven't learned noise as a predictor, this association has been blocked by the earlier light-shock association. Name this effect.
Kamin Blocking Effect
35
Pre-exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) causes a ______ of the association between the CS and a later UCS. What is this known as?
weakening | Latent inhibition
36
Rescorla-Wagner predicts no conditioning will take place if there is ______ _____, as the shock will be just as surprising if the stimulus has already been presented.
latent inhibition
37
Latent inhibition= ______ to the CS presented on its own. Later when the CS is paired with the UCS the organism pays _____ attention to the CS and so conditioning is _____. This is an example of an ____ model.
habituation, less, weakened, attentional
38
What topic was Bandura's (1965) Bobo doll experiment based on?
Observational learning
39
In the bobo doll experiment- Children who saw ______ adult when they hit the doll, had less _____ behaviour towards the doll. What does this show?
punished, aggressive. | This shows observational learning.