Challenges for the behaviourist approach

Question 1

How is conditioning linked to evolution?

Answer 1

Survival prospects can be enhanced by conditioning aka. prediction of events/dangerous situations

Question 2

What did behaviourists assume?

Answer 2

Behaviourists assumed that anything could be taught using principles of conditioning.

Question 3

Animals are hardwired to learn certain associations much better than others, this is known as _____.

Answer 3

Preparedness

Question 4

Learning is best with a short ____-_____ time _____.

Answer 4

cs, ucs, time interval

Question 5

what did Garcia show?

Answer 5

animals could reliably learn the food-nausea associations much better than others

Question 6

Garcia called the food-nausea associative learning- _____________.

Answer 6

Taste Aversion

Question 7

What animal did the Garcia and Koelling (1966) experiment involve?

Answer 7

rats

Question 8

Rats were simultaneously exposed to _____, ______ and ________. Then _____ to cause ______.

Answer 8

sweet water, light, buzzer. Irradiated, nausea.

Question 9

Rats who were irradiated to cause nausea- what stimuli did they dislike?

Answer 9

They disliked the sweet water, didn’t mind the light or buzzer though.

Question 10

When the rats were given an electric shock to all the stimuli, what stimuli did they become adverse to?

Answer 10

The light and buzzer, they didn’t mind the sweet water.

Question 11

What did Garcia’s experiment show about how our behaviours are linked to nature?

Answer 11

In nature, it is food and drink that makes us ill so it makes sense for a food-illness association to be learned quickly and strongly.

Question 12

Changes in light and sound are more associated with ______ harm.

Answer 12

physical

Question 13

Broberg and Bernstein (1987) used this practically. What did they do?

Answer 13

They gave child cancer patients a strange tasting sweet before chemo, so this sweet was associated with nausea rather than other foods or hospital.

Question 14

What objects do we tend to be scared of and can be paired easily with an electric shock?

Answer 14

snakes, spiders and angry faces

Question 15

Flowers, houses and happy faces are not easily paired with an _____ ______ as they tend not to cause _____ _____.

Answer 15

electric shock, physical, pain

Question 16

Define Instinctive Drift.

Answer 16

Some instinctual behaviours are too strong and simply “override” learning

Question 17

What did behaviourists believe happened when presented with a stimulus?

Answer 17

There would automatically be a response.

Question 18

Some argue there is a stage between stimulus and response, what is this stage?

Answer 18

The Organism’s Cognitive Representation

Question 19

What is it said that Kohler’s chimps used in order to stack the boxes to reach the bananas?

Answer 19

Insight- problem solving rather than trial and error.

Question 20

_____ and rats in a maze.

Answer 20

Tolman

Question 21

In Tolmans trained rats along one ____ which leads to _____.

Answer 21

path, food

Question 22

Tolmans rats were then exposed to _____.

Answer 22

many paths

Question 23

What do Tolmans do when they are exposed to more than the one path?

Answer 23

They explore a few inches of each path and then head down the same one as they were trained to (the same spatial location as the earlier path).

Question 24

What was Tolmans explanation for the rats finding the 1st path?

Answer 24

They had a cognitive map.

Question 25

Tolman also found that rats could learn these cognitive maps with no _____.

Answer 25

reinforcer.

Question 26

in Tolmans second rat experiment with no reinforcer, learning only became evident when _________.

Answer 26

There was a reason (food incentive) to navigate quickly through the maze. Eg. when there was FOOD.

Question 27

In both with or without a reinforcer, what did Tolmans rats construct?

Answer 27

They constructed a cognitive map

Question 28

What did Rescorla 1968 investigate?

Answer 28

Expectancy

Question 29

Name the different responses of the 3 groups:

1. Rat presented with tone and shock
2. Rats presented with tone but no shock, sometimes presented tone with shock.

Answer 29

1. Fear response, froze in place

2. no fear response to any tone

Question 30

What does expectancy show?

Answer 30

We only condition to stimuli that consistently act as predictors.

Question 31

Give the equation to do with expectancy.

Answer 31

delta V = a ( max value a could reach - V)

Question 32

What does a stand for in the equation?

Answer 32

rate of learning

Question 33

what does V stand for?

Answer 33

V= the strength of association

Question 34

1. Rat gets light and shock
2. Then gets light, noise and shock
3. Rats haven’t learned noise as a predictor, this association has been blocked by the earlier light-shock association.
   Name this effect.

Answer 34

Kamin Blocking Effect

Question 35

Pre-exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) causes a ______ of the association between the CS and a later UCS. What is this known as?

Answer 35

weakening

Latent inhibition

Question 36

Rescorla-Wagner predicts no conditioning will take place if there is ______ _____, as the shock will be just as surprising if the stimulus has already been presented.

Answer 36

latent inhibition

Question 37

Latent inhibition= ______ to the CS presented on its own. Later when the CS is paired with the UCS the organism pays _____ attention to the CS and so conditioning is _____. This is an example of an ____ model.

Answer 37

habituation, less, weakened, attentional

Question 38

What topic was Bandura’s (1965) Bobo doll experiment based on?

Answer 38

Observational learning

Question 39

In the bobo doll experiment- Children who saw ______ adult when they hit the doll, had less _____ behaviour towards the doll. What does this show?

Answer 39

punished, aggressive.

This shows observational learning.