Challenges for the behaviourist approach Flashcards
How is conditioning linked to evolution?
Survival prospects can be enhanced by conditioning aka. prediction of events/dangerous situations
What did behaviourists assume?
Behaviourists assumed that anything could be taught using principles of conditioning.
Animals are hardwired to learn certain associations much better than others, this is known as _____.
Preparedness
Learning is best with a short ____-_____ time _____.
cs, ucs, time interval
what did Garcia show?
animals could reliably learn the food-nausea associations much better than others
Garcia called the food-nausea associative learning- _____________.
Taste Aversion
What animal did the Garcia and Koelling (1966) experiment involve?
rats
Rats were simultaneously exposed to _____, ______ and ________. Then _____ to cause ______.
sweet water, light, buzzer. Irradiated, nausea.
Rats who were irradiated to cause nausea- what stimuli did they dislike?
They disliked the sweet water, didn’t mind the light or buzzer though.
When the rats were given an electric shock to all the stimuli, what stimuli did they become adverse to?
The light and buzzer, they didn’t mind the sweet water.
What did Garcia’s experiment show about how our behaviours are linked to nature?
In nature, it is food and drink that makes us ill so it makes sense for a food-illness association to be learned quickly and strongly.
Changes in light and sound are more associated with ______ harm.
physical
Broberg and Bernstein (1987) used this practically. What did they do?
They gave child cancer patients a strange tasting sweet before chemo, so this sweet was associated with nausea rather than other foods or hospital.
What objects do we tend to be scared of and can be paired easily with an electric shock?
snakes, spiders and angry faces
Flowers, houses and happy faces are not easily paired with an _____ ______ as they tend not to cause _____ _____.
electric shock, physical, pain
Define Instinctive Drift.
Some instinctual behaviours are too strong and simply “override” learning
What did behaviourists believe happened when presented with a stimulus?
There would automatically be a response.
Some argue there is a stage between stimulus and response, what is this stage?
The Organism’s Cognitive Representation
What is it said that Kohler’s chimps used in order to stack the boxes to reach the bananas?
Insight- problem solving rather than trial and error.
_____ and rats in a maze.
Tolman
In Tolmans trained rats along one ____ which leads to _____.
path, food
Tolmans rats were then exposed to _____.
many paths
What do Tolmans do when they are exposed to more than the one path?
They explore a few inches of each path and then head down the same one as they were trained to (the same spatial location as the earlier path).
What was Tolmans explanation for the rats finding the 1st path?
They had a cognitive map.