Developmental Psychology III Flashcards
Adolescence is ____ constructed but generally refers to ______ years.
Culturally, Teenage.
What is adolescence the transition between?
The transition between late childhood and adulthood.
Name the main physical development that occurs in adolescence.
Puberty.
The rapid maturation in which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction is known as _________.
Puberty.
There are different biological _____ for males and females during puberty (eg. period etc.).
Landmarks
What gland in the hypothalamus releases hormones?
The pituitary gland.
The release of _____ causes mood change, body hair growth and other biological changes.
Hormones.
Physical Changes during puberty have _________ consequences eg. hormonal effects on mood.
Psychosocial.
There are individual differences in the ____ of puberty.
Timing.
What timing of maturation, would cause the individual to be more distressed and upset etc.?
Early Maturation in Girls and Late Maturation in Boys would cause this.
In adolescence the emotional part of the brain is affected, name this emotional part of the brain.
The limbic System.
In adolescents the combination of high _____ with lack of ____ can result in _____ behaviour.
Emotion, logic, irrational.
Teenagers know the risks of their actions but believe they are _____ to the _______, leading to under-age drinking, pregnancy etc.
Immune, Consequences.
Name a neural change in the physical development of adolescence.
There is slower myelination of the frontal lobes (involved in pleasure).
Adolescent brain responds more vigorously to ______ than the adult brain.
Pleasure.
What ability develops gradually throughout adolescence?
The ability to self regulate their emotions.
The move from concrete operational to formal operational stage marks the beginning of ___________.
Adolescence.
In adolescence what stages can we jump between?
We can jump between the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage.
Jumping between the last 2 of Piaget’s stages, explains what in adolescents?
That at times they can be sophisticated but at other times can be short sighted.
Formal _____ stage allows adolescents to _____ solve with more realistic _______. (work out the odds of getting caught cheating on test)
Operational, problem, logic.
In adolescence memory and reaction time have reached ___ level.
Adult.
At what stage in Piaget’s cognitive development can we logically think about abstractions and speculate about the future etc.?
Formal Operational Stage
At the formal operational stage, adolescents have a better ability to _____ and ______.
Reason, Reflect.
What is adolescence best known for?
The changes in social and emotional experiences. aka. Socioemotional Development.
What was Hall’s conception of Socioemotional development in adolescence- the traditional viewpoint?
“storm and stress”
Explain the “storm and stress” conception of adolescence.
Adolescents have mood swings and have unpredictable behaviour, often causing turmoil.
Anna Freud said “ To be _____ during the adolescent period is by itself abnormal”.
Normal.
Do modern conceptions agree with the “storm and stress” viewpoint?
No, there are cultural variations and some teenagers are like this BUT not all.
Who extended Freud’s theory?
Erikson.
Erikson went beyond Freud and added more ______ stages to his theory.
Psychosocial.
Erikson believed that adolescents will have a ______ __________/ __________
Primary Challenge/Crisis.
What is the crisis in adolescence?
That they don’t have any sense of identity.
How we deal with and work through this crisis will affect us for the rest of our _____.
Life.
In adolescence, what is an important relationship in their Socioemotional development?
Relationship with their parents.
What parenting style is associated with positive outcomes in adolescence?
Authoritative Parenting Style
What lowers the risk of substance abuse in teenagers? (Fulkerson et al., 2006)
Regular Interaction with parents.
Adolescents “try on” certain roles before they decide who they are as a person, they can said to be going through _______.
Phases.
If parents have a good balance between giving the adolescent ______ but also having ______over them, they are more likely to have a better transition into ______.
Freedom, Authority, Adulthood.
Fulkerson et al., 2006 found that as age increased from 12 to 17 the tendency to use what increased?
As age increased, the tendency to use drugs increased.
What did Fulkerson et al. find in teenagers that had 5-7 dinner with their parents per week as opposed to those that had dinner with their parents 0-2 times a week?
A smaller percentage of teenagers that had more dinners with their family tended to use drugs, whereas those who didn’t have dinner with their family were more likely to be using drugs.
Parents have a clear _____ impact on their adolescents.
Social.
Apart from relationships with their parents, what other relationship affects the Socioemotional development of teenagers?
Relationship with peers.
What is their a peer influence on?
Peer influence on adolescence risk taking aka. peer pressure.
What do adolescents wish that makes them more susceptible to peer pressure?
They wish to be socially accepted.
In presence of peers, adolescents are more likely to take _______. This is not the case in ______.
Risks, Adults.
Gardner and Steinberg 2005, did a driving simulator test with and without the presence of peers, what were the results in adolescents compared to adults?
- Adolescents were took significantly higher risks in the presence of peers compared to when alone
- Whereas as when adults performed the test, peers had little effect on their performance, it was the same as when they did it alone.
Name the 3 main areas of development in adolescence.
- Physical development
- Cognitive Development
- Socioemotional Development
What happens in Adulthood and Older Age?
There is a general decline in physical and sensory abilities.
Name areas where there is often a decline in old age.
- Sight
- Smell
- Speech
Adulthood is a ____ rather than development.
Decline.
At what age to we peak in our (sight, smell and speech) functioning?
Mid-Twenties.
There is a natural decline in _______. (Resnick et al. 2003).
Adulthood.
Resnick et al. 2003 tracked the brains of healthy individuals over 4 years, and what did the results show?
A gradual loss of brain tissue, roughly 5 % a year.
Resnick et al. 2003 saw a gradual loss of brain tissue as a result of aging, what did he notice?
He noticed that some parts were more affected than others.
Generally speaking in adulthood there is a decline in ______ performance.
Intellectual.
What type of intelligence declines gradually over time?
Fluid intelligence.
_____ intelligence declines across the life span.
Fluid.
Name this type of intelligence-
“Efficiency and speed of intellectual functioning, usually in areas that are new to a person”.
Fluid Intelligence.
What type of intelligence remains stable over lifetime and may even grow with gained experience?
Crystallised Intelligence.
Reasoning ability is an example of ____ intelligence.
Fluid.
Vocabulary is an example of _____ intelligence.
Crystallised.
Crystallised intelligence is an individual’s _______ ________, including vocabulary, facts and learned strategies.
Accumulated knowledge.
Name the 3 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages for adulthood.
- Early Adulthood
- Middle Age
- Later years
What is the crisis in early adulthood (20s-40s)?
The crisis of achieving intimacy eg. marriage/ building long lasting relationships.
What can the failure to achieve intimacy lead to?
Isolation and loneliness- a strong desire for a relationship.
In the middle aged stage, there is focus on ____ and raising ______.
Jobs, children.
The crisis at the middle age is “have I generated _____ in my life?”/ a sense of ______.
Worth/purpose.
After 60, we enter the _____ _____ stage, what do we prepare for?
Later Years, Prepare for death.
What is the crisis at the later years stage?
Has Integrity been achieved?
What is integrity?
A sense of inner “wholeness”.
Friedrich Nietzsche came up with the story “Thus Spoke Zararhustra”, what was the theme of the story? What was it trying to illustrate?
Theme of Eternal Recurrence.
Either we have integrity-Wouldn’t mind living life over again
or we have despair- if we could life again we would change our life.
Having Integrity makes it easier to accept _____ rather then having ______ making us feel regret etc.
Death, despair.
