Memory 1 Flashcards
Clive Wearing said he was “dead until 5 minutes ago”- Why?
He couldn’t access a lot of his memory .
_____ ______ could recognise wife, remember his school and special music events but nothing else.
Clive Wearing.
Clive Wearing could still conduct an orchestra, what does this mean?
Means that he still had Procedural Memory/Skill memory eg. walking.
The ____ man had no memory of who he was or communicate but could play the piano very well.
Piano.
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon increases with ______.
Age.
There are many different types of _______.
Memory.
What is the memory of who you are called?
Autobiographical Memory.
The memory of what a person knows is known as ______ memory.
Semantic.
What is memory about events called?
Episodic Memory.
The memory of skills is known as ______ memory.
Procedural.
What is prospective memory?
Our future intentions.
What is the Crovitz Technique?
Reporting memories elicited by a word probe. eg. “Think of memory elicited by a word probe”.
Studying memory was first proposed by ___________ in 1879.
Galton.
At what ages do we commonly remember events from?
At age 5/6 and ages in 20’s.
We often remember events from when we were 5/6 and when we were 20, what are these referred to as?
Reminiscence Bumps.
What are some problems with studying memory- using Crovitz Technique?
- Are the memory reports valid?
- Are they partial memories that have been reconstructed?
- Are these only rehearsed memories?
- Have these memories been self-censored?
Memories are often _______.
Constructed.
Name the 4 common ways to assess memory in experiments.
Free Recall (I saw…)
Cued Recall (recall with help of semantic recall)
Yes/No recognition (did you see tractor? …yes/no)
2-AFC (did you see tractor or submarine)
In a memory experiment we eliminate bias by having distractors and targets, what does this cause?
This causes hits and false alarms (person says they remember it when it never appeared.)
Describe the “saving effect” in terms of memory.
Previously remembered (or saved) items are easier to re-learn than brand new items.
In memory we have ______ superiority.
Picture.
What is meant by Picture Superiority?
We remember pictures better then words.
Why do we remember pictures better than words?
Because the stimuli tends to be more meaningful.
Emotional memories are often better ______ and more ______.
Remembered, Vivid.
What is the Polyanna Principle?
The tendency for people to remember pleasant items more than unpleasant ones.
High frequency words are better for ______ but low frequency words are better for _________.
Recall, Recognition.
What is this effect?
“Better memory by attending to the survival value of the information”. (eg. how to survive a zombie apocalypse).
The survival effect
What is a flashbulb memory?
A memory so vivid that we feel as though we are reliving it :)
Who did Ebbinghaus use as his sole subject?
Himself!
Ebbinghaus taught himself _____ nonsense syllables and examined recall at various _________.
CVC, Delays.
Ebbinghaus’ _____ method gave rise to what curve?
Savings
The forgetting curve.
The longer the delay, the _____ it is to retain the words.
Harder.
A pro of Ebbinghaus’ savings methid was that there were many stimulus items, all f which were _____, _____ and non-_________.
Simple, Similar, non-associative.
Another pro of Ebbinhaus’ experiment was that he used a ______ learning procedure and a ______ method for collecting results.
Standardised, Standardised.
What was another pro of Ebbinghaus’ savings method?
He performed the test at the same time of day in the same room.
Name the 2 cons of Ebbinghaus’ savings method.
- Artificial eg. in real life don’t memorise nonsense CVCs
- Only used himself as subject- he was very intelligent, so not really accurate.
What was Ebbinghaus’ finding regarding saving information?
Once info initially learned, it takes only a fraction of the time to re-learn it :)
What guy was highly critical of Ebbinghaus?
Bartlett.
What did Bartlett argue?
That “Effort after Meaning” was central to learning, so Ebbinghaus’ stimuli gave little insight into everyday memory.
Bartlett emphasised the effect of ______ ________.
Prior Knowledge.
Bartlett did an experiment to make people learn material that induced a conflict between the _____ and stored _____.
Stimulus, Knowledge.
Bartlett made Brits read a North American Indian folk tale then ____ the story over a number of occasions.
Recall.
Bartlett found that the participants over time recalls became _____ and more ______.
Shorter, Coherent.
Upon recall (Bartlett) what did participants omit?
Participants omit details and puzzling features.
In Bartlett’s experiment, participants changed material to make sense of unusual parts of the story, what can this be known as?
Rationalisation.
In Bartlett’s experiment, participants changed some details to more ______ terms. Give an example.
Familiar.
They changed canoe to boat :)
In Bartlett’s experiment why did participants change canoe to boat?
To make sense of the story within their own schema (memories).
What are memories organised via?
Schemas
Memory is organised via ______- a term borrowed from ______ Sir Henry _____.
Schemas, Neurologist, Head.
New experiences are fitted into what?
Existing schemas.
New experiences that fit with ____ ______ in an existing schema are better remembered than information that ______ prior knowledge.
Prior Knowledge, Conflicts.
A key point from Bartlett is that:
Learning and remembering are ______ Processes.
Active.
Bartlett believed in “______ after _______”.
Effort, Meaning.
What did Bartlett believe regarding past experiences?
Past experiences affect what’s learned and remembered.
What is another key point from Bartlett about memory?
That memory recall is reconstructive.
What is “Engram”?
A neural trace of a memory.
Lashley trained ____ in a maze to study engrams.
Rats
Lahsley:
-trained rats in maze and different parts of brain were ablated
-then compared this to the performance of control rats with no training
Did the control rats perform better than the trained rats with part of their brain wiped out?
No, the trained rats performed better than the control rats no matter what part of brain was removed.
In the rats, it seemed to be the amount of ______ removed that affected memory rather than ________.
Tissue, Location.
Some types of memory show localisation but evidence points to _____ storage of other types.
Distributed.
Different parts of the brain can be responsible for different __________.
Memories.
What is the limbic system involved in?
Emotions.
