Personality- Intro and Traits Approach. Flashcards
A common theme of personality is I_____ and D_____, or the _______ of a person.
Individuality, Distinctiveness, qualities
Name another common theme when defining personality.
Life History- how personality develops, changes overtime
____ and ______ are also linked with personality.
Structure, Organisation
Expand on the term endurance when we talk about personality.
We have consistent patterns of behaviour
There are 4 main theories of Personality, name them.
Psychodynamic theories
Trait theories
Social-Cognitive theories
Humanistic theories
What are traits?
Traits are relatively stable patterns of thought, feeling or behaviour that characterise an individual.
Throughout life what happens to traits?
Traits mostly stay the same throughout a persons life.
A temporary pattern of thought, feeling or behaviour is known as a ______.
state
Who came up with the early trait taxonomy of describing people out of (18000) English words?
Allport and Odbert 1936
Another example of early trait taxonomy was ______ 16 _______ factors.
Carrell’s 16 personality factors
______ Taxonomy can be showed by a 3 line graph/ scale and consists of factors; neuroticism, stability, psychoticism, introversion and extraversion.
Eysenck’s
Name all the factors included in Eysenck’s Taxonomy.
Neuroticism and stability, psychoticism, Introversion and Extraversion
Name The Big Five.
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Openness to Experience.
Name some qualities a neurotic person may have.
worried, insecure, anxious about sex, fear of success. Easily knocked by the “waves of life”.
No matter what life throws at them, they are calm.- Name this “trait”.
Stable (opposite from neurotic)
Describe an Extrovert.
Partier, leader, very chill and social aka. loves meeting new people etc.
Describe an Introvert.
Shy, doesn’t like parties/social situations and is not social.
If you are _______ you work hard, are industrious and do well in school.
conscientious
If you are the opposite of conscientious, what may people call you?
slob/lazy
If you are agreeable, what does this mean?
You are the social glue, soft-hearted and focus on getting on with everybody, you don’t want to offend anyone/ get in any arguments etc.
Donald Trump is intentionally rude, he is someone who is _________.
disagreeable
Openness to ______ means that these people will try _____ ____, they have a good ______ and are very _____ people.
experience, everything once, imagination, open
People who are not open to experience are usually less ___ and they ____ ____ to _______ _____ ______.
open, cling on to what they know
Name the self report data that can be used to measure personality.
NEO-PI-R (Costa and mcCrae 1992).
What does NEO-PI-R stand for?
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory Revised
What does the NEO-PI-R ask people to do?
To rate their agreement with proposed statements eg. most people I know like me, I keep my room clean and tidy etc.
What is a source of error when using self report data as a measurement of personality?
It is based on assumptions of self knowledge eg. may be bias, untruthful, in denial etc.
What is Informant Data?
Data about a person derived from others who know the person well eg. family, friends, teachers etc.
Self-Report and Informant rings of Big 5 traits that performed on the same person tend to _____ ______.
generally agree. aka. most people agreed with what that person said their own personality was like :)
How can personality be organised?
through Hierarchical Organisation of Personality
Name the 4 hierarchies of a personality trait.
- Trait.
- Facets (eg. sociable, lively)
- Behavioural tendencies
- Specific Behaviours
The questioning of the existence of traits is known as the _____ ________.
consistency controversy
Why is there a consistency controversy?
As do say we have traits we then assume these traits are stable and enduring throughout life.
Instead of traits what did Mischel (1968) argue for?
Situationism
Mischel said that- Traits are not ____ across ______ therefore traits are not predictive of ______.
consistent, situations, behaviour
After long debate, scientists agree that traits do exist but with 2 caveats. What are these caveats?
- Traits predict average behaviour, not every relevant behaviour in every situation
- Traits are just one of multiple causes for any single behaviour.
Interactionism resolved the ____ _______.
consistency controversy
What is Interactionism?
It is “person by situation” meaning trait relevant behaviour may emerge in some situations but not others.
Why are twins involved in many personality experiments?
To research whether there is a link between genetics and personality.
Identical twins are _______.
monozygotic
If twins are dizygotic, are they identical?
Nope they are non-identical :)
What type of twins were closer in their personality?
Identical twins had closer personality than non-identical/fraternal twins.
Loehlin and Nichols did a study on 850 sets of _____.
twins
Name this- A biological, inborn dimension of personality that appears early in life and remains stable.
Temperament
Temperament means you have no real ____ in your personality, it is biologically ______.
choice, inborn
If someone is inhibited, what does this mean?
This means that they are scared by the new.
If someone welcomes the new what can they be called?
uninhibited
Kagan researched ______ by studying inhibited and uninhibited children.
temperament
Kagan showed that temperamental patterns displayed in the first ____ months, _____ throughout life.
4, persist
Shwartz et. al (2003) also researched ______.
temperament
Shwartz examined ______ and determined whether they were _____ or _______, then had them return as _______.
two year olds, inhibited or uninhibited, young adults
What were Shwartz et al.’s findings?
They suggest that some patterns of brain activity relating to temperament are preserved from infancy into early adulthood.
Between-Family effects of personality are called _____ __________.
shared environment
Name the percents that genes, non-shared environments and shared environments make up your personality.
40% genes
35% non-shared environment
5% shared environment
Non-shared environments are ______ to each _______.
unique, individual
Why are children from the same family so different?
Due to non-shared environments, they experience life differently
A contribution of the trait approach is that is a _____ ______ of personality.
systematic, approach
What does the trait approach reduce?
It reduces the large number of individual differences to a manageable size.
The trait approach gives us a better ____ of how ___ and _____ can _____ behaviour.
understanding, person, situation,shape
What is the main model to do with the trait approach?
The Big 5 Model
What does agreement on the big five model allow?
It allows researchers to share data.
