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Psychology > Personality- Intro and Traits Approach. > Flashcards

Personality- Intro and Traits Approach. Flashcards

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1
Q

A common theme of personality is I_____ and D_____, or the _______ of a person.

A

Individuality, Distinctiveness, qualities

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2
Q

Name another common theme when defining personality.

A

Life History- how personality develops, changes overtime

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3
Q

____ and ______ are also linked with personality.

A

Structure, Organisation

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4
Q

Expand on the term endurance when we talk about personality.

A

We have consistent patterns of behaviour

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5
Q

There are 4 main theories of Personality, name them.

A

Psychodynamic theories
Trait theories
Social-Cognitive theories
Humanistic theories

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6
Q

What are traits?

A

Traits are relatively stable patterns of thought, feeling or behaviour that characterise an individual.

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7
Q

Throughout life what happens to traits?

A

Traits mostly stay the same throughout a persons life.

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8
Q

A temporary pattern of thought, feeling or behaviour is known as a ______.

A

state

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9
Q

Who came up with the early trait taxonomy of describing people out of (18000) English words?

A

Allport and Odbert 1936

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10
Q

Another example of early trait taxonomy was ______ 16 _______ factors.

A

Carrell’s 16 personality factors

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11
Q

______ Taxonomy can be showed by a 3 line graph/ scale and consists of factors; neuroticism, stability, psychoticism, introversion and extraversion.

A

Eysenck’s

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12
Q

Name all the factors included in Eysenck’s Taxonomy.

A

Neuroticism and stability, psychoticism, Introversion and Extraversion

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13
Q

Name The Big Five.

A

Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Openness to Experience.

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14
Q

Name some qualities a neurotic person may have.

A

worried, insecure, anxious about sex, fear of success. Easily knocked by the “waves of life”.

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15
Q

No matter what life throws at them, they are calm.- Name this “trait”.

A

Stable (opposite from neurotic)

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16
Q

Describe an Extrovert.

A

Partier, leader, very chill and social aka. loves meeting new people etc.

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17
Q

Describe an Introvert.

A

Shy, doesn’t like parties/social situations and is not social.

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18
Q

If you are _______ you work hard, are industrious and do well in school.

A

conscientious

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19
Q

If you are the opposite of conscientious, what may people call you?

A

slob/lazy

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20
Q

If you are agreeable, what does this mean?

A

You are the social glue, soft-hearted and focus on getting on with everybody, you don’t want to offend anyone/ get in any arguments etc.

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21
Q

Donald Trump is intentionally rude, he is someone who is _________.

A

disagreeable

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22
Q

Openness to ______ means that these people will try _____ ____, they have a good ______ and are very _____ people.

A

experience, everything once, imagination, open

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23
Q

People who are not open to experience are usually less ___ and they ____ ____ to _______ _____ ______.

A

open, cling on to what they know

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24
Q

Name the self report data that can be used to measure personality.

A

NEO-PI-R (Costa and mcCrae 1992).

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25
Q

What does NEO-PI-R stand for?

A

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory Revised

26
Q

What does the NEO-PI-R ask people to do?

A

To rate their agreement with proposed statements eg. most people I know like me, I keep my room clean and tidy etc.

27
Q

What is a source of error when using self report data as a measurement of personality?

A

It is based on assumptions of self knowledge eg. may be bias, untruthful, in denial etc.

28
Q

What is Informant Data?

A

Data about a person derived from others who know the person well eg. family, friends, teachers etc.

29
Q

Self-Report and Informant rings of Big 5 traits that performed on the same person tend to _____ ______.

A

generally agree. aka. most people agreed with what that person said their own personality was like :)

30
Q

How can personality be organised?

A

through Hierarchical Organisation of Personality

31
Q

Name the 4 hierarchies of a personality trait.

A
  1. Trait.
  2. Facets (eg. sociable, lively)
  3. Behavioural tendencies
  4. Specific Behaviours
32
Q

The questioning of the existence of traits is known as the _____ ________.

A

consistency controversy

33
Q

Why is there a consistency controversy?

A

As do say we have traits we then assume these traits are stable and enduring throughout life.

34
Q

Instead of traits what did Mischel (1968) argue for?

A

Situationism

35
Q

Mischel said that- Traits are not ____ across ______ therefore traits are not predictive of ______.

A

consistent, situations, behaviour

36
Q

After long debate, scientists agree that traits do exist but with 2 caveats. What are these caveats?

A
  1. Traits predict average behaviour, not every relevant behaviour in every situation
  2. Traits are just one of multiple causes for any single behaviour.
37
Q

Interactionism resolved the ____ _______.

A

consistency controversy

38
Q

What is Interactionism?

A

It is “person by situation” meaning trait relevant behaviour may emerge in some situations but not others.

39
Q

Why are twins involved in many personality experiments?

A

To research whether there is a link between genetics and personality.

40
Q

Identical twins are _______.

A

monozygotic

41
Q

If twins are dizygotic, are they identical?

A

Nope they are non-identical :)

42
Q

What type of twins were closer in their personality?

A

Identical twins had closer personality than non-identical/fraternal twins.

43
Q

Loehlin and Nichols did a study on 850 sets of _____.

A

twins

44
Q

Name this- A biological, inborn dimension of personality that appears early in life and remains stable.

A

Temperament

45
Q

Temperament means you have no real ____ in your personality, it is biologically ______.

A

choice, inborn

46
Q

If someone is inhibited, what does this mean?

A

This means that they are scared by the new.

47
Q

If someone welcomes the new what can they be called?

A

uninhibited

48
Q

Kagan researched ______ by studying inhibited and uninhibited children.

A

temperament

49
Q

Kagan showed that temperamental patterns displayed in the first ____ months, _____ throughout life.

A

4, persist

50
Q

Shwartz et. al (2003) also researched ______.

A

temperament

51
Q

Shwartz examined ______ and determined whether they were _____ or _______, then had them return as _______.

A

two year olds, inhibited or uninhibited, young adults

52
Q

What were Shwartz et al.’s findings?

A

They suggest that some patterns of brain activity relating to temperament are preserved from infancy into early adulthood.

53
Q

Between-Family effects of personality are called _____ __________.

A

shared environment

54
Q

Name the percents that genes, non-shared environments and shared environments make up your personality.

A

40% genes
35% non-shared environment
5% shared environment

55
Q

Non-shared environments are ______ to each _______.

A

unique, individual

56
Q

Why are children from the same family so different?

A

Due to non-shared environments, they experience life differently

57
Q

A contribution of the trait approach is that is a _____ ______ of personality.

A

systematic, approach

58
Q

What does the trait approach reduce?

A

It reduces the large number of individual differences to a manageable size.

59
Q

The trait approach gives us a better ____ of how ___ and _____ can _____ behaviour.

A

understanding, person, situation,shape

60
Q

What is the main model to do with the trait approach?

A

The Big 5 Model

61
Q

What does agreement on the big five model allow?

A

It allows researchers to share data.

Psychology (24 decks)

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