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Psychology > Sensation and Perception Part 1 > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation»»» ________»»» perception.

A

transduction

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2
Q

As humans we have various ____ organs that are tailored to capture environmental _______.

A

sense, stimulus

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3
Q

What environmental stimulus does the eye capture?

A

It captures light energy

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4
Q

The _____ part comes from the environment.

A

sensation

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5
Q

What are responsible for sensation?

A

sense organ

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6
Q

The sensation from the eye is to capture ______ ______.

A

light energy

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7
Q

What does transduction do?

A

Turns an environmental stimuli into a neural impulse

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8
Q

Where does perception occur?

A

in the cortex

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9
Q

What is perception?

A

When the stimuli input is given meaning.

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10
Q

In order for the environmental stimuli to be seen what must happen?

A

it must be put into a form that the brain understands.

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11
Q

Explain the problem of depth.

A

Information received on the eye is 2D but the world we see is 3D.

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12
Q

Visual Information is ______.

A

indirect

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13
Q

Describe the image that is created in the image of the eye.

A

Its upside down and back to front.

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14
Q

Because the image in the eye is upside down and back to front, what does this tell us?

A

There is some interpretation.

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15
Q

The image we receive is from the _____ ______ off an object, that is _______.

A

light, reflected, indirect

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16
Q

What do we rely on to see an object?

A

The light bouncing off the object.

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17
Q

Our perception of the world is not merely a _________ process.

A

passive

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18
Q

We are not simply receiving information, we are ______ it.

A

constructing

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19
Q

______ of the stimulus is necessary.

A

Interpretation

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20
Q

What sense is vision called?

A

Our primary distance sense

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21
Q

Visions stimulus is _____.

A

light

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22
Q

What can light vary in?

A

Intensity (amplitude) and wave length.

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23
Q

Name what is formed from oscillating waves of radiation (determined by amplitude and wavelength).

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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24
Q

Roughly we perceive the intensity (amplitude) of light as _______ and wavelength of light as _______.

A

brightness, colour

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25
Q

The sense organ for vision is the ____.

A

eye

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26
Q

The eye is well designed to _____ light energy and pass it onto the ______.

A

capture, brain

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27
Q

What do structures like the iris and lens do (generally speaking)?

A

they control the amount of light entering the eye and form the retinal image.

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28
Q

Whereabouts in the eye does the light come into?

A

The light comes into the cornea.

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29
Q

After the light comes into the cornea what happens to the light?

A

The light is then focused by the lens.

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30
Q

What does the lens focus the light onto?

A

the retina

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31
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The fovea is a dip in the retina that has a concentrated number of specialised neurons that respond to light energy.

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32
Q

What is the fovea important for?

A

Its very important in order for us to see in detail.

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33
Q

What is the dart board and the bull’s-eye?

A

Think of the retina as a dart board and the fovea as the bull’s-eye.

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34
Q

What is the Optic Nerve?

A

The optic nerve is the first part of the pathway from the eye to the brain.

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35
Q

Where do the nerves leave the eye?

A

the optic disc

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36
Q

What cells become the optic nerve?

A

Gagillion cells.

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37
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Photoreceptors are specialised neurons that capture light

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38
Q

How many types of photoreceptors are there?

A

2- Cone cells and Rod cells

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39
Q

Where are photoreceptors found in the eye?

A

In the retina.

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40
Q

Cone cells are found in the ______.

A

fovea.

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41
Q

What do cone cells give rise to?

A

They give rise to colour sensation and detail- fine visual acuity.

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42
Q

____ cells are packed at the fovea.

A

cone

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43
Q

What photoreceptor gives us the ability to see clearly in colour?

A

Cone cells

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44
Q

Rods are ____ and ______ detectors.

A

black and white

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45
Q

Rods don’t give any information on ______ or give rise to _____ and ____ _____ ______.

A

colour, detail, fine visual acuity.

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46
Q

Primarily what are rods used in?

A

Rods are used in low light conditions.

47
Q

There are _____ million rods in the retina compared to____ million cones.

A

120, 6

48
Q

Where are rods concentrated?

A

The rods are concentrated in the peripheral.

49
Q

Name the 3 types of cone cell.

A

Short, medium and long

50
Q

Each type of neuron _____ and ______ more to light energy optimally at different ____________.

A

absorbs, responds, wavelengths

51
Q

Short cones respond to _____ wavelength light.

A

short

52
Q

What colour is short wavelength light?

A

Blue

53
Q

_____ cones respond to medium wavelength light.

A

medium

54
Q

What colour is medium wavelength light?

A

green

55
Q

Long cones respond to _____ wavelength light, the colour of this light is _____.

A

long, red

56
Q

There is only 1 type of ____ cell.

A

rod

57
Q

How many visual areas are in the brain?

A

5 :)

58
Q

The 2 arches (think of rainbow) at the very back of the cortex are known as what?

A

V1 and V2

59
Q

What are V1 and V2 responsible for?

A

First and Second level processing.

60
Q

What happens at first and second level processing?

A

form, colour and motion are sorted and separated to then be passed on to regions of the brain for further processing.

61
Q

What is V3 responsible for?

A

Shape in motion

62
Q

V3 has _____ which respond to the _____ of _____ of an object which correspond to the object being in ____ ______ but tilting or ____ somehow.

A

cells, motion, edges, one place, changing

63
Q

What is V4 responsible for?

A

Colour

64
Q

V4 specialises in ___ with a tiny bit of _____.

A

colour, motion

65
Q

V3 is to do with the ____ and _____ of an object.

A

form, motion

66
Q

At V4 the cells look at the ______ colour and not at the _____ of light.

A

perceived, wavelength

67
Q

What is V5 responsible for?

A

Global motion

68
Q

Unlike V3, V5 responds to _______ ________.

A

overall motion

69
Q

Name 2 things V5 can respond.

A

speed and direction

70
Q

What body part is responsible for knowing the identity of an item?

A

infero-temporal cortex

71
Q

Light reflected off of images enters the eye through the _______.

A

cornea

72
Q

Where is the light focused onto and with what?

A

The light is focused onto the retina via the lens

73
Q

What are the specialised cells in the retina called?

A

Ganglion cells

74
Q

What is the role of ganglion cells?

A

To convert light rays into electrical signals.

75
Q

Electrical signals are then sent through the neural pathway to the brain. What are these signals carried by?

A

The optic nerve

76
Q

The optic nerve carries signals through the lateral ________ nuclei and to the _____ _______ of the brain.

A

geniculate, visual cortex

77
Q

It’s in the visual cortex that images are ______.

A

“seen”

78
Q

Name 2 things that happen when perception goes wrong.

A
  • We see things that aren’t there

- We fail to perceive things that are perfectly visible

79
Q

The visual system should come to a _____ of what we should see.

A

hypothesis

80
Q

In visual perception , we perceive objects on what?

A

On what we have already seen before :)

81
Q

Visual perception is mostly _____ ______.

A

problem solving

82
Q

In the brain, if the visual ____ doesn’t support the original ______, it is then ___________.

A

data, hypothesis, reconsidered

83
Q

In what circumstance would we initially not be able to perceive what an object is?

A

Only when the initial stimulus isn’t obvious.

84
Q

What does subjective contours illustrate?

A

It illustrates the constructive nature of perception.

85
Q

When we create a shape that isn’t actually there, what would this be called?

A

Subjective contours

86
Q

Explain subjective contours.

A

A shape is generated by the brain (that isn’t really there) due to the effect of knowledge and experiences.

87
Q

Define change blindness.

A

The failure to notice/perceive the obvious change eg. don’t see an object disappearing

88
Q

What is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item known as?

A

Inattentional blindness

89
Q

Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice __________.

A

the existence of an unexpected item

90
Q

Why does change blindness and Inattentional blindness occur?

A

As the brain has limited resources so can’t process everything in a scene- this is why things/changes that are obvious can often be overlooked. :)

91
Q

What do contrast effects give rise to?

A

Visual illusions

92
Q

The difference in brightness or colour in a visual scene is known as ______.

A

contrast

93
Q

Explain the visual illusions of mach bands.

A

The same colour is throughout each band but contrast makes the band appear different shades.

94
Q

What do mach bands illustrate?

A

That our perception doesn’t correspond to visual properties.

95
Q

Visual illusions display the ______ nature of _____ ________.

A

interpretive, visual, perception

96
Q

Name the visual illusion where we perceive spots between squares that aren’t there, this occurs due to contrast.

A

Hermann Grid

97
Q

Visual sensations can vary in ______.

A

colour

98
Q

Name the 3 terms used to describe colour sensations.

A

Hue (colour)
Brightness (how dark/light)
Saturation (vividness of the colour)

99
Q

Normal human colour vision is _______.

A

trichromatic

100
Q

Trichromatic vision depends on what?

A

The 3 different cone cell types

101
Q

There are ___ separate pathways for processing colour, what is this known as.

A

3, Trichromatic theory

102
Q

What are the 3 colours that are processed?

A

red, green and blue

103
Q

What evidence is there against the trichromatic theory?

A

Not all colours can be perceived together eg. we can’t perceive a reddish green.

104
Q

Name the 3 antagonistic opponent process pairs.

A

Red and Green
Blue and Yellow
Black and White

105
Q

How does the Opponent-Process theory work? - use red and green to explain this :)

A

If the red was excited then green would be inhibited.

106
Q

Name 2 visual illusions that provide evidence for the opponent-process theory.

A

colour contrast and negative afterimages

107
Q

Blue can induce yellow in a neighbouring area what is this known as?

A

Colour contrast

108
Q

What is a negative afterimage?

A

When red inverts to green (after you stare at it for a while).

109
Q

Vision is an ___, _____ process.

A

active, constructive

110
Q

The visual system actively accentuates important features such as ______.

A

edges

111
Q

There are ____ types of photoreceptors- _____ and ______.

A

2, rods and cones

112
Q

What processes the information from the eyes?

A

The visual cortex

113
Q

Normal human vision is ______, depending on 3 ____ types.

A

trichromatic, cone

Psychology (24 decks)

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