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Consciusness 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unconsciously learning a specific rule or pattern, is known as what?

A

Implicit Learning.

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2
Q

What is the artificial grammar test to do with?

A

Implicit Learning.

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3
Q

Reber 1967, created the ____ grammar test and it what did this demonstrate?

A

Artificial, performance was better after previous exposure to similar strings of letters/ grammatical examples.

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4
Q

The artificial grammar test was also performed on _____, to what accuracy did they do it to?

A

Amnesics, 50 % accuracy. (to get 100% would have to use conscious)

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5
Q

In the artificial grammar test, could the participants identify what the rules were?

A

No they couldn’t say what the underlying rules were= Unconscious, this shows implicit learning.

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6
Q

In the artificial grammar test, knowledge transferred across letter sets, therefore the _____ _____ was _________.

A

Deep Structure, Learned.

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7
Q

What was a criticism of the artificial grammar test?

A

That people are not learning rule structure, they are just memorizing whole exemplars and matching them on similarity.

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8
Q

A problem with the artificial grammar test is that people could be learning bits of the ________ and just deciding based on if any part of the novel (new) string seems _________.

A

Exemplar, Familiar.

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9
Q

What type of processing only requires short term store (conscious)?

A

Controlled Processing.

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10
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

The repeated use in long term store means connections become relatively permanent- automatic, so don’t rely on awareness (unconscious).

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11
Q

At first learning to drive a car requires _____ processing but over time it soon turns into _______ processing.

A

Controlled, Automatic.

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12
Q

Schneider & Shiffrin 1977, either asked participants to search for both letters and numbers (varied) or just numbers (consistent), what were the types of processing used?

A
  • In Varied- it took participants longer as it required a slow serial search using conscious resources.
  • This used controlled processing
  • In consistent- it could be performed quickly as we are used to picking out numbers from letters
  • This used automatic processing
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13
Q

In controlled processing, we tend to _____ actions in order to learn them, however if it turns into automatic processing these actions become ____ and come ______ to us.

A

Chunk, one/fluent, naturally.

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14
Q

It is hard to break down this automatic processing. What is a Yip?

A

When we stop and think too much about an automatic action, we overthink how to do it and become unable to do it.

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15
Q

What are the necessary brain areas for consciousness known as collectively?

A

Neural Correlates of Consciousness.

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16
Q

What brain areas are responsible for generally being “conscious”?

A

-Thalamus and the reticular activating system.

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17
Q

What varies dependant on what the content is?

A

The contents of consciousness.

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18
Q

When does the thalamus stop?

A

When we sleep, we don’t take anything in from the outside world etc.

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19
Q

Tong et al (1988) put different pictures in front of each eye, what did this test and monitor?

A

This tested the concept of Binocular Rivalry- we can only be aware of one picture at a time, so awareness flips between them.
Tong monitored brain activity for this experiment.

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20
Q

Faces and Houses activate _______ ______ areas of the brain.

A

Different, localized.

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21
Q

In tong’s experiment what happened?

A

Although both pictures were constantly in view, only one of the localized areas would be activated at any one time.

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22
Q

In Tong’s experiment, different areas of the brain ere activated when people’s ______ of house or face changed, even though both were constantly in ______.

A

Awareness, View.

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23
Q

Tong’s binocular rivalry displayed that this was a ______- experience rather than a ______ experience.

A

Conscious, Perceptual.

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24
Q

Baars said we had lots of _____, very ______ and ______ _________. What do they all do?

A

Different, specialised, unconscious modules.

The modules communicate with one another.

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25
Q

How did baar think we solved a problem?

A

That each module manipulates data and offers the solution to others in a “global workspace”,this is consciousness.

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26
Q

What did Baar call consciousness?

A

A Global Workspace.

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27
Q

There at lots of ______ modules working together but only one _____ reaches _______.

A

Background, Module, consciousness.

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28
Q

Whichever group of modules “shout” the most, reach what?

A

Reach consciousness.

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29
Q

What do workspace neurons do?

A
  • They connect brain areas together (connect modules)

- Transmit information about activity such that two different areas of activation achieve synchronicity.

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30
Q

What does synchronicity give rise to?

A

Conscious Awareness of more complex representations.

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31
Q

Attention can modulate the _____, so we can be aware of different ________ of a stimulus at _______ ____.

A

Synchronicity, aspects, Different Times.

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32
Q

Synchronicity may break down under certain conditions. Name a condition where this happens.

A

Sleep :)

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33
Q

Why do we need consciousness?

A

It is flexible- it helps us to adapt to a situation.

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34
Q

Unconscious processes are ______, _________ but _______________.

A

Fast, Efficient, Inflexible.

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35
Q

What is needed to override habits?

A

Consciousness is needed to override habits.

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36
Q

Consciousness allows us to _____ from our _________.

A

Learn, mistakes.

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37
Q

What may consciousness allow?

A

Consciousness may allow information to be exchanges between different brain modules.

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38
Q

______ learned material often doesn’t transfer well to new situations.

A

Implicitly.

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39
Q

Consciousness may also involve monitoring and controlling our ________- and maintaining what boundary?

A

Behaviour, Maintaining perceptual and sensory boundaries :)

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40
Q

Under what kind of circumstances does the maintenance of this perceptual and sensory boundary start to disappear? and what does it cause?

A
  • Drugs
  • Hypnosis
  • Fatigue
  • Can cause hallucinations or makes us do actions we wouldn’t normally do.
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41
Q

In what way are psychopaths the same as the normal population?

A

They have the same mental health as the average person.

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42
Q

Name some characteristics of a psychopath.

A
  • more creative,
  • suspicious
  • lonely
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43
Q

What is there evidence for “abductees” being?

A

Being fantasy prone, aka. they find it difficult to distinguish from what’s real life and what is fantasy.

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44
Q

Hypnotic regression to investigate these so called “alien abductions” can actually do what?

A

It cam create false abduction memories.

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45
Q

What did 18% of “abductees” report?

A

“waking up paralysed with a sense of a strange person/presence/or something else in the room.”

46
Q

What is this known as? :

“waking up paralysed with a sense of a strange person/presence/or something else in the room.”

A

Sleep Paralysis.

47
Q

When does sleep paralysis occur?

A

On the border between sleep and wakefulness.

48
Q

Why doe people think they were abducted by aliens in particular?

A

Hallucinations in sleep paralysis along with the knowledge of cultural norms regarding UFO’s may cause false memories.

49
Q

When we are dreaming, what prevents us from kicking etc.?

A

A chemical switch off :)

50
Q

When we sleep, what states do we move between?

A

We move between conscious and unconscious states.

51
Q

What can the sleep/wake cycle be referred to as?

A

Circadian Rhythm.

52
Q

Sleep is mediated by _______ in the _________ and controlled by the hormone _______, plus ________ influences (________, meals).

A

Neurons, hypothalamus, melatonin, external, daylight.

53
Q

________ level is also mediated by the cortex.

A

Arousal.

54
Q

Name the 2 types of influences that can cause arousal(activate the rest of the brain.).

A
  • Internal (eg. worry)

- External (eg. someone saying name)

55
Q

EEG is used to monitor sleep. What does EEG measure?

A

It measures the electro-activity of the cortex.

56
Q

What graph shows the different patterns of electro-activity?

A

Electroencephalogram.

57
Q

What does Beta electro-activity show?

A

You are alert (eg. awake).

58
Q

When we are relaxed, the cycles per second slow down a bit, name this type of electro activity.

A

Alpha.

59
Q

When we have theta electro activity (4 to 8 cycles per sec) what does this mean?

A

We will be drowsy.

60
Q

Describe the electro-activity when we are asleep.

A
  • Slowest electro-activity
  • less than 4 cycles per sec
  • Known as Delta.
61
Q

Describe Stage 1 Sleep.

A
  • Last minutes of Theta Waves
  • Drowsy, dozing type sleep
  • Easily awakened.
62
Q

In Stage 1 Sleep, what are we likely to experience?

A

Vivid imagery/ hallucinations.

63
Q

Name this stage of sleep:

“High amplitude k-complexes and 1-2 second bursts of rapid activity, sleep spindles.”

A

Stage 2.

64
Q

In stages 3 and 4 of sleep what waves become more prominent?

A

Delta Waves.

65
Q

As we progress through the sleep stages, name two things that happen.

A
  • Heart rate and breathing slow down

- It becomes more difficult to wake the person.

66
Q

Name the sleep:
Physiologically (heart rate, breathing and eye movements active), the person should be awake, but they are in the soundest of sleeps and their muscles are paralysed.

A

REM sleep.

67
Q

We have an average of 4-5 ____ sleep periods during a nights rest, with activity moving through the stages to ______ sleep each time.

A

REM, Deeper.

68
Q

Name the two types of sleeps needed to be healthy.

A

Both slow wave and REM.

69
Q

What happens without sleep?

A
  • Alertness decreases
  • People don’t feel well
  • Mood is poor
  • Mental and physical ability suffers
  • Immune system compromised.
70
Q

Amount if sleep needed varies with _____ and with _______ differences.

A

Age, Individual.

71
Q

What do Larks (early rides, goes to bed early) and Owls ( stays up late, can’t get up in morning) differ in?

A

Differ in-

  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Digestion Rhythms
72
Q

We sleep longer when fatigued, this is because sleep id __________.

A

Restorative.

73
Q

Describe the “binman” idea of why sleep is needed.

A

Sleep is needed to clean out cellular waste, or produce more repair hormones.

74
Q

It is often questioned whether when we sleep the brain is ______ or if it’s __________.

A

Exercising, Resting.

75
Q

When we sleep, what is believed to be being stored?

A

We are consolidating memories- storing memories.

76
Q

What type of sleep is dreaming most associated with?

A

REM sleeps.

77
Q

During REM sleep, what are our dreams like?

A

Vivid and Bizarre.

78
Q

What do dreams involve?

A
  • Aspects of our recent past

- Also weird elements which only seem bizarre once awake.

79
Q

What re-occur in dreams?

A

Themes.

80
Q

What is a common theme for dreams?

A

Bad outcomes prevail :)

81
Q

Dreams have _____ content, so _____’s basic premise was correct.

A

Emotional, Freud’s.

82
Q

What may dreams be a by-product of?

A

Other activity.

83
Q

Why do dreams have such vivid visual images?

A

Brain areas involved in vision become active during REM sleep.

84
Q

Where does dream content come from?

A

Representations that have been “primed” (recently active, eg. experience during day).

85
Q

Representations that have been primed make dream content fairly ______.

A

Random.

86
Q

Why is it difficult for the brain to make sense of this random content in dreams?

A

Dreams are weird because the brain has no control (control is inactive) to make sense of these representations as we would when alert.

87
Q

When we dream _____ and _______ centres are also quite active, whereas the ______ cortex is less active (how we control these other areas/planning).

A

Emotion, Motor, Pre-Frontal

88
Q

Name the hypothesis:

  • Content comes from representations that have been “primed”
  • This content is fairly random
  • The brain tries to make sense of this but it is difficult to do when the pre-frontal cortex is less active than other areas eg. emotion and motor centres.
A

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis.

89
Q

What is a very relaxed state, that some say alters the state of consciousness?

A

Hypnosis.

90
Q

There are some wild claims about what ______ can achieve.

A

Hypnosis.

91
Q

Most hypnosis effects can be replicated by asking someone to do what?

A

-To pretend they are young
or
-Pretend they are hypnotised

92
Q

In order to be hypnotised a person must be _____.

A

Willing.

93
Q

Why does hypnosis not aid memory in an eyewitness testimony for example?

A

This leads to a higher chance of the memory being altered- the memory can be reconstructed (aka. false!).

94
Q

What isn’t a way to get “lost memories”?

A

Hypnosis.

95
Q

Hypnosis can make someone more _______ in a memory regardless of whether it is true or false.

A

Confident.

96
Q

What can posthypnotic instruction affect?

A

Behaviour after hypnosis.

97
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia can cause people to ________ ______.

A

Forget things.

98
Q

Hypnotic analgesia can help to reduce what?

A

Reduces pain.

99
Q

The ability to experience hypnosis varies with __________ and their ___________.

A

Individuals, Willingness.

100
Q

There could be a more _____ ________ explanation for hypnosis, in that people don’t want to disappoint, so they just pretend they are being hypnotised.

A

Social Psychological.

101
Q

Name this state-
“Awareness splits into awareness of what is going on and this is retained but the awareness of control is given over to the hypnotist.”

A

Dissociative State.

102
Q

Apart from hypnosis, what other state can produce altered states of consciousness?

A

Religious States.

103
Q

What parallels with hypnosis, in that there is immense relaxation, openness to ideas and own feelings?

A

Meditation.

104
Q

In meditation what is there an increase in?

A

Increase I alpha waves (relaxed state).

105
Q

What is a possible explanation for experienced meditators to feel at “oneness with the world”?

A

Disparate brain areas firing in synchrony.

106
Q

Drugs have an affect on our ________.

A

Consciousness.

107
Q

Alcohol can have obvious effects on our consciousness, but what can it be moderated by?

A

It can be moderated by our expectations (eg. people will act drunk if you give them apple juice pretending its alcohol).

108
Q

What do depressants and stimulants change?

A

They change behaviour and our perceptions of behaviour/sensations.

109
Q

What are drugs called that give us hallucinations?

A

Hallucinogens.

110
Q

What can hallucinogens cause?

A

Synaesthesia (cross over of areas eg. numbers as colours) and time perception can be altered etc.

Psychology (24 decks)

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