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Junior Year > sensation and perception > Flashcards

sensation and perception Flashcards

0
Q

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

perception

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1
Q

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent sti,ulus energies from our environment

A

sensation

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2
Q

analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

A

bottom up processing

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3
Q

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

top down processing

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4
Q

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them

A

psychophysics

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5
Q

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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6
Q

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

signal detection theory

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7
Q

below one’’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

subliminal

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8
Q

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

A

difference threshold

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9
Q

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

weber’s law

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10
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

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11
Q

conversion of one form of energy into another

A

transduction

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12
Q

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

A

wavelength

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13
Q

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

hue

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14
Q

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

A

intensity

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15
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

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16
Q

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

iris

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17
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

lens

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18
Q

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

accommodation

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19
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

retina

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20
Q

the sharpness of vision

A

ACUITY

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21
Q

a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina

A

nearsightedness

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22
Q

a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina

A

farsightedness

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23
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

A

rods

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24
Q

receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions

A

cones

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25
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

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26
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

blind spot

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27
Q

the central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

A

fovea

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28
Q

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulis, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

feature detectors

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29
Q

the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision

A

parallel processing

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30
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

A

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

three color theory

31
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

A

opponent-process theory

32
Q

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

color constancy

33
Q

the sense of hearing

A

audition

34
Q

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

frequency

35
Q

a tones highness or lowness

A

pitch

36
Q

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval windows

A

middle ear

37
Q

the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

inner ear

38
Q

a coiled, bony, fluid-filed tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

cochlea

39
Q

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

place theory

40
Q

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tune, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

A

frequency theory

41
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

conduction hearing loss

42
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

A

sensorineural hearing loss

43
Q

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

gate control theory

44
Q

the principle that one sense may influence another

A

sensory interaction

45
Q

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

kinesthesis

46
Q

the sense of body movement and posuition, including the sense of balance

A

vestibular sense

47
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

48
Q

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

A

visual capture

49
Q

an organized whole

A

gestalt

50
Q

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

figure-ground

51
Q

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

grouping

52
Q

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional

A

depth perception

53
Q

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

visual cliff

54
Q

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes

A

binocular cues

55
Q

distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlapp, available to either eye alone

A

monocular cues

56
Q

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the 2 eyeballs,, the brain disparity

A

retinal disparity

57
Q

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward-when looking at an object

A

covergence

58
Q

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession

A

phi phenomenon

59
Q

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

perceptual constancy

60
Q

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

perceptual adaptation

61
Q

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

perceptual set

62
Q

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

A

human factors psychology

63
Q

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

A

extrasensory perception (ESP)

64
Q

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

parapsychology

65
Q

telepathy

A

mind to mind communication

66
Q

clairvoyance

A

can perceive remote events

67
Q

precognition

A

can perceive future events

68
Q

opponent process theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

69
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

70
Q

proximity

A

we group nearby figures together

71
Q

similarity

A

figures similar to each other we group together

72
Q

continuity

A

we perceive smooth, continuous patters rather than discontinuous ones

73
Q

connectedness

A

when they are uniform and linked we perceive spots lines or areas as a single unit

74
Q

closure

A

we fill in gaps to create a complete whole object

Junior Year (37 decks)

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