Psychology Flashcards
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
the idea that is a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
maslow’s pyramid of human needs
hierarchy of needs
physiological needs, safety/security, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, transcendence
to be fully engaged (decreased awareness of self and of time) in-between being bored and overwhelmed
flow
desire for significant accomplishment mastery
achievement motivation
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
glucose
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
basal metabolic rate
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by vomiting
bulimia nervosa
the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson
sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
sexual disorder
hypoactive sexual desire
fantasies and desires are absent
sexual aversion disorder
extreme aversion and avoidance
dyspareunia
pain associated with intercourse
vaginismus
outer muscles interfere with sex
paraphilias
perversions of sexual desire
gender identity disorders
persistent cross-gender identification
a sex hormone, secreted by females
estrogen
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex
sexual orientation
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
industrial-organization psychology
a subfield of i/o psychology that focuses on employee recruitment selection placement training appraisal and development
personnel psychology
a subfield of i/o psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
organizational psychology
interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales
structured interviews
goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
task leadership
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support
social leadership
assumes that works are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from above
theory x
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
theory y
a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
James-Lange theory
the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
cannon-bard theory
schachter’s theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
two- factor theory
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
polygraph
emotional release
catharsis
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
feel good do good phenomenon
self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
subjective well-being
our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral defined by our prior experience
adaptation level phenomenon
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
relative deprivation
