Psych Test

Question 0

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 0

depression that occurs regularly at the same time each year; usually during the winter months

Question 1

Melatonin

Answer 1

a neurochemical that has a cause and effect relationship with sleep; secreted by the pineal gland

Question 2

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 2

instruction given during hypnosis that are applied after they are awake

Question 3

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

Answer 3

an abnormal state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness

Question 4

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

Answer 4

involuntary movement of an extremity, usually one leg

Question 5

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 5

a sleep disorder in which an otherwise healthy infant dies while sleeping

Question 6

forward conditioning

Answer 6

the Conditioned Stimulus is presented before the Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 7

Delay conditioning

Answer 7

Conditioned Stimulus is present until the Unconditioned Stimulus begins

Question 8

Trace Conditioning

Answer 8

Conditioned Stimulus is removed some time before the Unconditioned Stimulus is presented

Question 9

Omission training

Answer 9

seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

Question 10

Token Economy

Answer 10

tokens can be exchanged for other reinforcers

Question 11

Edward Tolman

Answer 11

conducted a rat experiment that demonstrates latent learning

Question 12

What is stage one of the sleep cycle?

Answer 12

(30 seconds to 10 min) characterized by sensory images and slow, rolling eye movements. Appearance of Theta Waves on EEG

Question 13

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 13

(appx 20 min) appearance of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes on EEg

Question 14

What is stage 3 in the sleep cycle?

Answer 14

transition to stage 4; beginning of delta waves

Question 15

What is stage 4 in the sleep cycle?

Answer 15

(about 30 min) 20-50% delta waves on EEG

Question 16

Pavlov

Answer 16

classical conditioning; ringing bell to show conditioned response in dogs

Question 17

Skinner

Answer 17

designed operant chamber. a sound proof box with a bar that an animal presses to release a reward

Question 18

Bandura

Answer 18

observational learning. showed modeling with Bobo doll. Observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 19

Watson

Answer 19

behaviorism which is the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 20

Classical Conditioning

Answer 20

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals UCS begins to produce response that prepares for the UCS

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 22

Depressants

Answer 22

alcohol, opiates. Depress the central nervous system, euphoria, decrease memory, self-awareness, mask pain

Question 23

Stimulants

Answer 23

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, stimulate the central nervous system, increase activity, induce anxiety, increase blood pressure, heart, suppress appetite

Question 24

hallucinogens

Answer 24

LSD, marijuana. Distort judgements of time, alter sensations/perceptions

Question 25

Fixed-ratio

Answer 25

reinforce after a set number of responses

Question 26

Fixed-interval

Answer 26

reinforce 1st response after a fixed time period

Question 27

Variable-ratio

Answer 27

reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 28

variable-interval

Answer 28

reinforce 1st response after varying time (slow acquire, hard extinguish)

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 29

quickest to acquire, quickest to extinguish

Question 30

conscious information processing

Answer 30

enables voluntary control and communication of mental state to other (sequential and slow)

Question 31

Subconscious processing

Answer 31

beneath the surface, faster; can happen simultaneously and on parallel tracks

Question 32

hypnosis

Answer 32

an altered state of consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility openness to suggestion is key, not any special ability by hypnotist. Expectancy plays a role; NOT a unique state (Behaviors can be produce without hypnosis)

Question 33

Manifest Content

Answer 33

the "censored" version of latent- the story line

Question 34

Latent Content

Answer 34

the unconscious desires/wishes not expressed

Question 35

insomnia

Answer 35

difficulty falling, or staying asleep

Question 36

sleep apnea

Answer 36

intermittently stop breathing while asleep (most common in overweight males)

Question 37

narcolepsy

Answer 37

periodic, overwhelming sleepiness at inappropriate times

Question 38

What are the drawbacks of punishment?

Answer 38

increased aggression fear of the punisher suppresses unwanted behavior, but does not guide towards desirable

Question 39

Garcia and Koelling's Studies

Answer 39

they noticed that rats began to avoid drinking water from plastic bottles. classical conditioning. tested by giving the rats a particular conditioned stimulus and later give them radiation or drugs. the rats avoided that flavor. developed aversions to tastes

Question 40

dualists

Answer 40

(mind-body distinct) see this as evidence of immortality

Question 41

monists

Answer 41

(mind-body are same thing) product of a brain under stress (hallucination)

Question 42

shaping

Answer 42

reinforcers gradually guide an animal's actions toward goal or desired behavior

Question 43

reinforcer

Answer 43

any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response

Question 44

punishment

Answer 44

consequence that decrease the behavior that precedes it

Question 45

Skinner box

Answer 45

a chamber containing a bar the animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

Question 46

acquisition

Answer 46

process of repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS | result= associative learning (response then "acquired")

Question 47

Extinction

Answer 47

procedure that leads to gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the Conditioned Response. Works by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 48

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 48

occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a period of no training

Question 49

generalization

Answer 49

occurs when a conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus even though they haven't been associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 50

discrimination

Answer 50

occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus does not produce a conditioned response

Question 51

latent learning

Answer 51

learning that takes place before the reinforcement is given. shows that learning is not all shaped by immediate consequence. knowledge saved for later use (rats going slowly through a maze without reward; later able to navigate maze quickly to receive reward)

Question 52

circadian rhythms

Answer 52

24 hour daily cycle, temperature, pulse, blood pressure level

Question 53

positive reinforcement

Answer 53

presents a pleasant stimulus after a response (ex. food, attention, approval, money)

Question 54

negative reinforcement

Answer 54

reduce or remove an aversive stimulus (ex. aspirin for headache, snooze button)

Question 55

overjustification effect

Answer 55

when people come to see the rewards rather than the intrinsic interest as the motivation to perform a behavior

Question 56

intrinsic motivations

Answer 56

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 57

extrinsic motivations

Answer 57

desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment