Psychology

Question 0

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Answer 0

health psychology

Question 1

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Answer 1

behavior medicine

Question 2

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 2

stress

Question 3

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 3

General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 4

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Answer 4

coronary heart disease

Question 5

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitve, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people

Answer 5

Type A

Question 6

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxes people

Answer 6

Type B

Question 7

“mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness

Answer 7

psychophysical illness

Question 8

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

Answer 8

lymphocytes

Question 9

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Answer 9

aerobic exercise

Question 10

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Answer 10

biofeedback

Question 11

unproven health care treatments hot taught widely in medical schools, not used in medical schools, not used in hospitals, and not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

Answer 11

complementary and alternative medicine

Question 12

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 12

personality

Question 13

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Answer 13

free association

Question 14

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Answer 14

psychoanalysis

Question 15

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Answer 15

unconscious

Question 16

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Answer 16

Id

Question 17

operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Answer 17

ego

Question 18

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

Answer 18

superego

Question 19

the childhood stages of development during which the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Answer 19

psychosexual stages

Question 20

a boy’s sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Answer 20

Oedipus complex

Question 21

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Answer 21

identification

Question 22

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

Answer 22

fixation

Question 23

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Answer 23

defense mechanisms

Question 24

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thougts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Answer 24

repression

Question 25

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Answer 25

regression

Question 26

ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Answer 26

reaction formation

Question 27

people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Answer 27

projection

Question 28

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Answer 28

rationalization

Question 29

shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person,as when redirecting anger, toward a safer outlet

Answer 29

displacement

Question 30

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Answer 30

projective test

Question 31

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests thought the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Answer 31

TAT

Question 32

the most widely used projective test, inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Answer 32

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 33

Jung's concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Answer 33

collective unconscious

Question 34

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieed; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Answer 34

self-actualization

Question 35

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Answer 35

unconditional positive regard

Question 36

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?"

Answer 36

self concept

Question 37

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and ehaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Answer 37

personality inventory

Question 38

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

Answer 38

MMPI

Question 39

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Answer 39

empirically derived test

Question 40

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

Answer 40

socail-cognitive perspective

Question 41

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

Answer 41

reciprocal determinism

Question 42

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Answer 42

personal control

Question 43

the perception that chance of outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate

Answer 43

external locus of control

Question 44

the perception that one controls one's own fate

Answer 44

internal locus of control

Question 45

the hopelessness and passive resignatiom, an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 45

learned helplessness

Question 46

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Answer 46

spotlight effect

Question 47

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 47

self-esteem

Question 48

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Answer 48

self-serving bias

Question 49

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifiations

Answer 49

individualism

Question 50

giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Answer 50

collectivism

Question 51

proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply routed fear of death

Answer 51

terror-management theory