Developmental Psych Flashcards
Insecure attachment
infant cannot be calmed after separation
Secure Attachment
infant seeks proximity and contact
Authoritarian
impose rules, expect obedience
Permissive
make few demands, use little punishement, give into children
Authoritative
demanding and responsive
Kohlberg’s Stages
Theory of Moral Development (Sense of right/wrong)
Pre-Conventional Level:
Stage 1: Avoid Punishment
Stage 2: Further own interests
Conventional Level:
Stage 3: Expectations of others
Stage 4: “Doing one’s duty”
Post-Conventional Level:
Stage 5: Rules are relative but generally needed
Stage 6: universal Ethical Principles (Greater Good)
Sensorimotor period
infant’s intelligence is wrapped up in sensations and actions
their thinking is limited to here and now
up to about 8 months, when an object passes out of an infants sight, they believe it has ceased to exist. over the next several months, they begin to develop object permanence (the notion that things continue to exist when they are out of sight)
Pre-operational period
the child makes remarkable gains in memory, language development, and the ability to think with symbolically. However, in this stage there are still limitations that hamper a child’s thinking. The child lacks mental operations that form the basis of adult logic
Concrete Operations
can now solve problems that would stump younger children
Formal Operations
teens are able to apply mental operations to abstract or hypothetical situations
Erikson’s Stages
infants- trust vs mistrust toddlers- autonomy vs shame/doubt young children- initiative vs guilt older children- industry vs inferiority adolescents- identity vs role confusion young adults- intimacy vs isolation adults- gererativity vs stagnation elerly- ego integrity vs despair
Assimilation
incorporating new experiences into our existing framework
accomodation
process of adjusting our old framework
Social Learning Theory
children learn gender behaviors from imitation, observation and rewards/punishments
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
chromosomes
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosome
DNA
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
genes
the complete instructions for making an organims, consisting of the genetic material in its chromosomes
genome
the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
natural selection
a random error in gene replication
mutation
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
the characteristics by which people define male and female
gender
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
behavior genetics
every non genetic influence
environment
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg
identical twins
twins who develop from separate eggs
fraternal twins
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
heritability
the dependence of the effect of one factor on another factor
interaction
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
molecular genetics
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
norm
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
personal space
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
memes
the sex chromosome found in both men and women
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males
Y Chromosome
the most important or the male sex hormones
testosterone
a set of expectations about a social position
role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
gender role
ones sense of being male or female
gender identity
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
gender typing
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
social learning theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female
gender schema theory
a branch of psychology that studies phycial, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
developmental psychology
the fertilized egg
zygote
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
embryo
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
fetus
agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
teratogens
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women drinking
fetal alcohol syndrome
a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
rooting reflex
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
maturaiton
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
schema
interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
assimilation
adapting one’s current understanding to incorporate new information
accommodation
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
conservation
