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Biology- Mya > Semester #3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Semester #3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the correct order for the taxons of life from most general to most specific?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

What kingdom contains organisms whose structure is composed of prokaryotic cells?

A

Monera (which include archaea and bacteria)

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3
Q

What are the four kingdoms in Domain Eukarya?

A

Kingdom Protista, kingdom Fungi, kingdom Plantae, and kingdom Animalia

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4
Q

Name 2 pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista

A

Plasmodium and toxoplasma

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5
Q

What are spherical or round-shaped prokaryotes called?

A

Cocci (singlar: coccus)

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6
Q

What are rod-shaped bacteria called?

A

Bacilli (singlar: bacillus)

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7
Q

What are helical or spiral-shaped bacteria called?

A

Spirilla (singlar: spirillum)

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8
Q

Explain conjugation between paramecia

A

There is a mutual exchange of DNA through the oral grooves so that each paramecium gets new DNA.

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9
Q

Explain conjugation between bacteria

A

The two bacteria grab each other with the sex pili. Then a conjugation tube is formed between the bacteria. At that point, the donor bacterium transfers one of the plasmid’s strands to the recipient. Now they each have the same DNA.

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10
Q

Archaea have:

A

Complex RNA polymerases, some genes have introns, antibiotics have little to no effect, and cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan

Archaea live in extreme environments.

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11
Q

What are animal-like protists called and what does this group include?

A

{~Protozoans~}

~Phylum Sarcodina (protozoans with pseudopodia) can take almost any body shape. This includes amoeba

~Zooflagellates (protozoans with flagella) A flagella It is a long, thin, whip-like extension that is used for locomotion.

~Phylum Ciliophora (protozoans with cilia; called ciliates). This includes paramecium. Cilia (tiny hairs) beat rhythmically to move the organism.

~Phylum Sporozoa (protozoans that don’t move). This includes sporozoans; form spores

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12
Q

What are fungus-like protists called and what does this group include?

A

Fungus-like protists

Cellular slime molds

Acellular slime molds

Water molds and mildews

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13
Q

What are plant-like protists called and what does this group include?

A

Algae and Euglena

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14
Q

How can bacteria get new genes?

A

Conjugation: Combining genes with other bacteria

Transformation: Picking up genes or segments of genes from the environment

Transduction: Acquiring genetic information from viruses that have infected other bacteria

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15
Q

Pseudopods

A

A temporary, footlike extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food. Sarcodines are protozoans with pseudeopods

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16
Q

Lichen

A

Mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga (usually of phylum Chlorophya). The alga produces food for itself and the fungus by means of photosynthesis, while the fungus supports and protects the alga

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17
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

Mutualistic symbiotic relationship with a fungus.

The fungus forms a slender, rootlike projections that penetrates the cell walls of the root system’s cells. The fungus absorbs nutrients from the roots as they are transported to the plant. In return, the fungus gives the plant certain minerals, that is cannot absorb efficiently from the soil

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18
Q

What are mushrooms?

A

Fungal fruiting bodies

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19
Q

Name one organism in kingdom Protista that is pathogenic. Name the malady that this organism causes

A

Plasmodium. Malaria

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20
Q

Name two maladies caused by pathogenic fungi.

A

Potato wart and Athlete’s foot

21
Q

When the arrangement of bacteria begins with di-, strepto-, and staphylo-, what does it mean?

A

It means that the colony di- has two bacteria, the colony strepto- is shaped as a chain, and the colony staphylo- is shaped as a cluster.

22
Q

What is the basic structure of a fungi?

A

The fungi is made up of the mycelium that takes in nutrients and partakes in extracellular digestion and the fruiting body used to produce and release spores

23
Q

Identify the organism in this figure. What group of protists does it belong to (give both the general group and the specific group)

A

Phylum Ciliphora

Genus Paramecium

24
Q

Identify structures A and B in this figure.

A

A: The reproductive structure/fruiting body. Includes cap, gills, and stalk/stem (called stipe)

B: Mycelium that takes in nutrients and partakes in extracellular digestion

25
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid form

26
Q

What are the reproductive organs (both male and female) of a flower?

A

The stamen (composed of the filament and anther) for males and the carpel (composed of the stigma, style and ovary) for females

27
Q

What is the most recognizable stage of a moss is the…

A

Gametophyte

28
Q

What is the sporophyte generation of alternation of generations?

A

The diploid generation that produces spores

29
Q

What is the gametophyte generation of alternation of generations?

A

The haploid generation that produces gametes

30
Q

In an angiosperm, double fertilization produces…

A

A diploid zygote and an endosperm

31
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

They are plants without vascular tissue

32
Q

What are pteridophytes?

A

They are seedless vascular plant (ferns, horsetail, club mosses)

Dominant generation is sporophyte

33
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

“Naked seeds”. Plants with seeds not enclosed (evergreens; seed cones and pollen cones)

Dominant diploid sporophyte generation

34
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Plants with enclosed seeds (most diverse plant group; monocots, dicots)

35
Q

What function do cotyledons perform before germinations

A

They aid in the transport of nutrients to the developing embryo

36
Q

What is the purpose of fruit?

A

To disperse the seed farther from the parent

37
Q

Why are bryophytes relatively small?

A

Since bryophytes have no vascular tissue, there is no efficient way to transport nutrients throughout the plant. The plant must therefore stay small so that the nutrients don’t need to travel so far

38
Q

What are undifferentiated cells? What type of tissue contains undifferentiated cells?

A

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function. Meristematic tissue

39
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do?

A

It partakes in photosynthesis and also holds a lot of air for the cells to partake in photosynthesis.

40
Q

Why is the bottom of a leaf typically a lighter shade of green than the top of the leaf?

A

Because the spongy mesophyll is typically on the underside of the leaf and it’s photosynthetic cells are not as tightly packed together

41
Q

What structure in a deciduous tree causes the leaves to die and fall off in the autumn?

A

The abscission layer

42
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of phloems?

A
  1. Living vascular tissue
  2. Transports food and organic substances
  3. Found in the inner bark of a woody stem
  4. Plays an active role in translocation
43
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of xylems?

A
  1. Nonliving vascular tissue
  2. Transports water and dissolved materials
  3. Found in the outer bark of a woody stem and makes up most of it
  4. Does not play an active role in the transport
44
Q

If a plant loses control of its stomata and they remain closed, will substances still flow from through its xylem?

A

No, water will no longer by exiting the leaf, so no water can take its place

45
Q

If a plant loses control of its stomata and they remain closed, will substances still flow through its phloem?

A

Yes, translocation is still in effect

46
Q

Monocots have:

A

-one seed leaf
-leaf veins running parallel to midrib
-vascular bundles that are scattered in the stem
-fibrous roots
-flower parts in multiples of 3

47
Q

Dicots have:

A

two seed leafs
leaf veins branching from the midrib
vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
taproots
flower parts in multiple of 4 or 5

48
Q

What is asexual reproduction in bacteria called?

A

Binary fission

49
Q

In what major ways are archaea different from bacteria?

A

Archaea has complex RNA polymerases, some genes that have introns, practically immune to antibiotics, and cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan. Bacteria does not have complex RNA polymerases, no genes that have introns, killed by antibiotics, and cell walls that do contain peptidoglycan.

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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