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Biology- Mya > Module #7 Test > Flashcards

Module #7 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

True Breeding

A

If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic

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2
Q

Allele

A

One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Genotypes

A

Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possess for a certain trait

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of an organism’s genes

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5
Q

Homozygous genotype

A

A genotype in which both alleles are identical

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6
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

A genotype with two different alleles

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7
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotypes

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8
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous in the allele

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9
Q

Testcross

A

Breeding an organism displaying the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism

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10
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations

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11
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

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12
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating one two definable traits

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13
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual

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14
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

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15
Q

Carrier

A

Individuals who have one copy of an allele for a recessive trait but do not exhibit the trait

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16
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes

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17
Q

Codominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes express the distinct phenotypes of both alleles

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18
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that, when introduced into the blood, triggers the production of antibody

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19
Q

Antibody

A

Specialized proteins your immune system uses to attack and destroy specific antigens

20
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

Inheritance of a genetic trait not a sex chromosome

21
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes

22
Q

Gene mutation

A

A radical change in the DNA of one or more alleles

23
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Changes in the chromosome structure in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis

24
Q

Nondisjunction

A

A situation in which abnormal cellular events in meiosis lead to either none of a particular chromosome in the gamete or more than one of a particular chromosome in the gamete

25
Q

Genome

A

A complete set of an organism’s genetic information encoded in its DNA

26
Q

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

Short sequences of DNA (usually from two to six base pairs in length) that are repeated numerous times at various locations in the noncoding region of a chromosome

27
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

An enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA only at a specific sequence of nucleotides

28
Q

Plasmid

A

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

29
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Taking DNA from two different species and combining them in one cell

30
Q

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

An organism that has been genetically altered by humans

31
Q

Transgenic organism

A

An organism that carries one or more genes from a different species

32
Q

Mendel’s 1st principle of genetics

A

1: The traits of an organism are determined by its gene. Each gene has alternate forms called alleles.

33
Q

Mendel’s 2nd principle of genetics

A

2: Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait. If the two alleles are the same, the organism is homozygous for that trait. If different, heterozygous for that trait.

34
Q

Mendel’s 3rd principle of genetics

A

3: In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes ONLY ONE of its alleles to offspring. the separation of alleles in parents occurs during meiosis- the forming of gametes. Know as Mendel’s law of segregation.

35
Q

Mendel’s 4th principle of genetics

A

4: In each genotype, there is a dominant allele. If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele.

36
Q

What process caused gametes to have only one allele instead of two alleles for each trait like other human cells?

A

Meiosis separates the two alleles.

37
Q
A
38
Q

Law of segregation

A

It states that each parent contributes only one of its two alleles to its offspring-half the parent’s gametes carry one allele and half carry other.

39
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

It states that alleles for different traits assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

40
Q

A person carries a genetic disorder but does not have the disorder. How is that possible?

A

The genetic disorder must be recessive. The person can carry the trial, but as long as he had the dominant allele, the person will not have the disease.

41
Q

Do sex-linked genetic disorders affect men and women the same? If not, which sew is affected more and why?

A

Sex-linked disorders affect men more frequently than women. This is because men have only one X chromosome and so need only one allele to display the phenotype

42
Q

What term do we use to refer to genetic traits that are governed by more than one set of genes?

A

Polygenic inheritance

43
Q

What is PCR?

A

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction.

44
Q

What is PCR used for?

A

Used to make many exact copies of a segment of DNA without the use of cells. It is often used to clone small pieces of DNA from crime scenes of further analysis and comparisons are possible.

45
Q

What is a plasmid and how is it used as a tool in genetic engineering?

A

A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule in bacteria. It is used to carry genes in genetic engineering.

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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