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Biology- Mya > Module #6 Test > Flashcards

Module #6 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The science that studies how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Genetics factors

A

The general guideline of traits determined by a person’s DNA

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3
Q

Environmental factors

A

Those “nonbiological” factors that are involved in a person’s surroundings such as the nature of the person’s parents, the person’s friends, and the person’s behavioral choices

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4
Q

Spiritual factors

A

The factors in a person’s life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God

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5
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity; a section of DNA that contains the code to produce a protein or portion of protein thereby causing a trait

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

The condensed threads of chromatin (DNA coiled around and supported by proteins) found in the nucleus of the cell

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

Long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

The process by which two identical DNA molecules are produced from one original DNA molecules

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome joined by a centromere

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together

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11
Q

Triplet

A

A three-base sequence on DNA

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12
Q

Codon

A

A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

Anticodon

A

A three-base sequence on tRNA

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Interphase

A

The time interval between cellular reproductions

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process, usually following mitosis or meiosis, in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two

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17
Q

Karyotype

A

The figure produced when the chromosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs

18
Q

Diploid

A

A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs or two sets of chromosomes

19
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair or half the total number of chromosomes

20
Q

Diploid number (2n)

A

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell

21
Q

Haploid number (n)

A

The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell (1/2 the total)

22
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes or haploid cells (n)

23
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction

24
Q

Zygote

A

The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring

25
Q

Tetrad

A

Two homologous chromosomes consisting of four chromatids, two sister chromatids in each chromosomes, coming together during prophase 1 of meiosis

26
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchanges of genes between homologous chromosomes

27
Q

In nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the backbone is made up of…

A

Sugars and phosphates

28
Q

During the cell cycle, when is DNA replicated?

A

The S phase

29
Q

When cells no longer control growth and reproduction the disorder is called…

A

Cancer

30
Q

Paired chromosomes are called…

A

Homologs or homologous chromosomes

31
Q

Protein synthesis is occurring in a ribosome. Is this a part of transcription or translation?

A

Translation

32
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis in order?

A

1: Prophase

#2: Metaphase
#3: Anaphase
#4: Telophase

33
Q

The diploid number of a cell is 16. What is its haploid number?

A

8

34
Q

What is the difference between a gamete and any other animal?

A

A gamete is haploid while all other animal cells are diploid. This means that a gamete has only one set of chromosomes or one chromosome from each homologous pair. Other animal cells always have two sets of chromosomes or one set of homologous pairs

35
Q

List all the in stages of meiosis in order:

A

Meiosis I:
#1: Prophase 1
#2: Metaphase 1
#3: Anaphase 1
#4: Telophase/Cytokinesis

Meiosis II:
#5: Prophase II
#6: Metaphase II
#7: Anaphase II
#8: Telophase II/ Cytokinesis

36
Q

Which is more similar to mitosis?

A

Meiosis II

37
Q

What are gametes produced in male animals called?

A

Sperm. Sperm have flagella; those, the male gamete can move on its own

38
Q

What are the gametes produced in female animals called?

A

Eggs

39
Q

How many useful gametes are produced in the meiosis of male animals? What about female animal?

A

Male animals produce 4 useful gametes with each meiosis, while female animals produce only one

40
Q

What is the difference between a polar body and an egg?

A

Polar body is a non-functional female gamete, because it is far too small to function properly. An egg is the one female gamete produced by meiosis that is large enough to function properly.

41
Q

Identify the stage of mitosis for each cell in this picture

A

Top: Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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