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Biology- Mya > Module #4 Test > Flashcards

Module #4 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

The ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell

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3
Q

Digestion

A

The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized

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4
Q

Respiration

A

The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules

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5
Q

Transport

A

The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another

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6
Q

Secretion

A

The ability to remove biosynthesized substances

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7
Q

Excretion

A

The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell

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8
Q

Egestion (ejection)

A

The ability to remove non-solable, undigested waste from cell

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9
Q

Irritability

A

The ability to respond to stimuli

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10
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells

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18
Q

Middle lamella

A

A thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cell

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19
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

Long stands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

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22
Q

Rough ER

A

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

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23
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER that has no ribosomes

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24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

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25
Q

Vacuole

A

Larger membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste

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26
Q

Vesicle

A

Smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion

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27
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like protein) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion

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28
Q

Central vacuole

A

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water

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29
Q

Lysosome

A

The organelle in animals cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids

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30
Q

Peroxisome

A

A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

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31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

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32
Q

Plastids

A

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food

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33
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis

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34
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis

35
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Non-pigmented plastids that store starches or oils

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movements

37
Q

Microfilaments

A

Fine, threadlike proteins found in cell’s cytoskeleton

38
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

39
Q

Microtubules

A

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

40
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells

41
Q

Centrosome

A

A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in apical cells it contains the two centrioles

42
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

A model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components (mainly phospholipids, protein, and cholesterol) that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane

43
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules had been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group

44
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

45
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input

46
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input

47
Q

Concentration

A

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

48
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane

49
Q

Diffusion

A

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to a area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium)

50
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration)

51
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution that had a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution

52
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution that had a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution

53
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution

54
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to lack of water

55
Q

Cytolysis

A

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration

57
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane

58
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

60
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles

61
Q

Robert Hooke contribution to the cell theory was:

A

He improved upon the compound microscope. He observed thin slices of cork using his light microscope and coined the term “cell” while looking at the cork

62
Q

Matthias Schieiden contribution to the cell theory was:

A

He concluded that all plant tissues are composed of cells and that cells are the basic building blocks of plants

63
Q

Theodor Schwann contribution to the cell theory was:

A

He concluded that all animal tissues are also composed of cells

64
Q

Rudolf Virchow contribution to the cell theory was:

A

He was the first to identify and name the disease leukemia by observing blood cells under the microscope. He concluded that all cells develop only from existing cells

65
Q

What are the three main ideas of the cell theory?

A

1: All living organisms are composed of cells.

#2: The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
#3: Cells arise from existing cells.

66
Q

What are the 12 major life functions cells must perform?

A

1: Ingestion

#2: Digestion
#3: Respiration
#4: Transport
#5: Homeostasis
#6: Synthesis
#7: Secretion
#8: Excretion
#9: Egestion
#10: Irritability
#11: Movement
#12: Reproduction

67
Q

What are the three types of structure that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

1: Microfilaments

#2: Intermediate filaments
#3: Microtubules

68
Q

What are the four structures that all cells have in common?

A

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

69
Q

What is A?

A

Nucleus

70
Q

What is B?

A

Nucleolus

71
Q

What is C?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

72
Q

What is D?

A

Ribosomes (Free)

73
Q

What is E?

A

Vesicle

74
Q

What is F?

A

Mitochondrion

75
Q

What is G?

A

Golgi Apparatus

76
Q

What is H?

A

Chloroplast

77
Q

What is I?

A

Plasma Membrane

78
Q

What is J?

A

Cell Wall (primary)

79
Q

What is K?

A

Cytoskeleton

80
Q

What is L?

A

Vacuole

81
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability to maintain internal stability (also known as regulation)

82
Q

Synthesis

A

The ability to combine simple compounds into complex molecules (same as biosynthesis)

83
Q

Movement

A

The ability to move or locomotion

84
Q

Reproduction

A

The ability to produce more cells

Biology- Mya (15 decks)

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