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Biology- Mya > Module #3 Test > Flashcards

Module #3 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interactions between living and non living things

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2
Q

Population

A

A group of interbreeding organisms coexisting together

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3
Q

Community

A

A group of population living and interacting in the same area

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4
Q

Ecosystem

A

An association of living organisms and their physical environment

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5
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystem classified by climate and plant life

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6
Q

Biosphere

A

The sum of all of Earth’s ecosystems in land, water, or air

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7
Q

Species

A

A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

Any living part of an environment

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9
Q

Abiotic or antibiotic factors

A

The nonliving physical and chemical conditions affecting organisms

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10
Q

Producers

A

Organisms that produce their own food

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11
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food

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12
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

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13
Q

Primary consumer

A

An organism that eats producers

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14
Q

Secondary consumer

A

An organism that eats primary consumer

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15
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

An organism that eats secondary consumer

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16
Q

Quaternary consumer

A

An organism that eats tertiary consumers

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17
Q

Food chain

A

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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18
Q

Food web

A

Links all the food chains in an ecosystem together

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19
Q

Biomass

A

A measure of the total amount of living tissue of organisms within a trophic level in an ecosystem

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20
Q

Primary producers

A

Rate at which producers in an ecosystem build biomass

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21
Q

Ecological pyramids

A

Pyramid-shaped diagrams that show the amount of energy or matter at each trophic level in an ecosystem

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

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23
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The process by which certain gases (principally water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane), trap heat that would otherwise escape the Earth and radiate into space

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24
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits

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25
Q

Habitat

A

The specific environment of an organism, both biotic and abiotic

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26
Q

Niche

A

An organism’s role in its ecosystem, including its habitat, physical requirements (such as light, water, food sources), the time of day it is active, place on food chain, and when and how it reproduces

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27
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from association

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28
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

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29
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

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30
Q

Exponential growth

A

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for ever-increasing population

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31
Q

Logistic growth

A

Population growth that is controlled by limited resources or the presence of predators or both

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32
Q

All the biotic and abiotic factors in a marsh form a what?

A

An ecosystem

33
Q

Name the trophic levels from #1 - #5

A

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer

34
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship between two or more organisms of different species.

35
Q

What is primary succession?

A

When life or community arises with no soil (lava flow or glaciers retreat)

36
Q

Density-independent

A

Abiotic factors independent of the population density (natural disturbances or such that effect the population but was not CAUSED by the population)

37
Q

Density-dependent

A

Biotic factors that limit population growth (competition, predators, parasitism) These factors only limit when population density reaches a certain level

38
Q

What is the principal means by which oxygen is taken from the air?

What other ways is oxygen removed from air?

A

Through respiration or aerobic organisms.

Fires, rusting of metals, and when some oxygen is convert into ozone by the energy of the sun

39
Q

What is the principal means by which oxygen is restored to the air?

What other ways is oxygen restored into the air?

A

Photosynthesis

Water vapor and destroying ozone to convert back into oxygen.

40
Q

Ways carbon dioxide is removed from the air

Ways it is restored into the air

A

Removed: Process of photosynthesis and when dissolved into the ocean

Restored: Volcanoes, dead organic matter converted into carbon dioxide, respiration of aerobic organisms, and burning something

41
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of converting nitrogen gases into chemically active molecules that organisms can use. These process is performed by bacteria

42
Q

How does nitrogen get back into the atmosphere?

A

Through process called denitrification (this process happens when certain bacteria take the more active nitrogen-containing chemical and remake nitrogen gas)

43
Q

Where is phosphorus found?

A

Phosphorus (a mineral) is found in rock. Its is released by the erosion of rock

44
Q

Symbiotic relationship between different species where all organisms involved benefit

A

Mutualism symbiosis

Example: Relationship between bacteria and roots of legumes

45
Q

Symbiotic relationship between different species where one organisms benefits, and the other is not harmed or benefited

A

Commensalism symbiosis

Example: Relationship between barnacles and humpback whale

46
Q

Symbiotic relationship between different species where one organisms benefits, and the other is harmed

A

Parasitism symbiosis

Example: Relationship between fleas/ticks and dogs/cats

47
Q

Natural disturbances, such as fires or volcanic eruptions, can result in…

A

Succession

48
Q

The range or area occupied by a population is its…

A

Geographic distribution

49
Q

The maximum number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported by an environment is called…

A

Carrying capacity

50
Q

Which growth chart curve is fast-rising, goes up in numbers quickly, and will continue to rise?

A

Exponential growth chart

51
Q

Which growth chart is more of an S-shape, balanced, steadier, and includes carry capacity?

A

Logistic growth chart

52
Q

Organism’s habitat

A

Where it physically lives (includes both biotic and abiotic factors)

53
Q

Organism’s niche

A

The role it has in its ecosystem

54
Q

What are the main types of terrestrial (land) biomes?

A

1: Tropical Rainforest

#2: Savanna
#3: Chaparral
#4: Desert
#5: Temperate Grassland
#6: Temperate Deciduous Forest
#7: Tundra
#8: Taiga or Boreal Forest

55
Q

Main marine biomes

A

Oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries

56
Q

Main freshwater biomes

A

Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands

57
Q

What are the three types of community interactions?

A

Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

58
Q

How are biomes classified?

A

By their climates and type of vegetation that grow in them

59
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

Shows that only about 10% of energy available in one trophic level is available to the next level; it shows the transfer of energy from lower trophic levels to higher ones as a percentage

60
Q

Biomass Pyramid

A

Show the actual dry mass of all organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

61
Q

Pyramid of Numbers

A

Shows the number of individual organisms in each trophic level

62
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

63
Q

Primary productivity

A

The rate which producers in an ecosystem build biomass (definition: A measure of the total amount of living tissue of organisms within a trophic level in an ecosystem).

64
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria

A

Bacteria that converts ammonia or ammonium ions into nitrates

65
Q

Nitrogen Bacteria

A

Bacteria that converts nitrogen gas into ammonium and ammonia ions

66
Q

Ammonification

A

Process of “fixing” nitrogen from nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NHs) or ammonium ions (NH4+)

67
Q

Secondary succesion

A

When natural disturbance damages an existing community, but leaves the soil intact

68
Q

Climax community

A

When succession ends and area looks like before (reached homeostasis)

69
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between two members of same species

70
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between two members of different species

71
Q

Climate for this biome: Wet and warm year-round. This biome receives the most sunlight

A

Tropical Rainforest

72
Q

Climate for this biome: Tropical wet-dry climate with warm temperatures year-round. Only two season; one long dry season, and a very wet season

A

Savanna

73
Q

Climate for this biome: Winter temperatures can get as low as -40F and summer at high as 100F.

A

Temperate Grassland

74
Q

Climate for this biome: This biome has four distinct seasons with tree leaves chasing color in the fall and then dropping

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

75
Q

Climate for this biome: Very hot and very dry climate in summers and mild and most in winters. Prone to fires in the summer

A

Chaparral

76
Q

Climate for this biome: Hot and very dry or cold and dry.

A

Desert

77
Q

Climate for this biome: Arctic biome surrounding the North Pole. It is the world’s coldest and driest biome. Very dry and prone to fires in summer

A

Tundra

78
Q

Climate for this biome: Subarctic biome with below-freezing temperatures for six months of the year. Snow covered most of the year

A

Taiga or Boreal Forest

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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