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Biology- Mya > Semester #2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Semester #2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Glycolysis

A

A process of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Link Reaction

A

The conversion of pyretic acid to acetyl CoA

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3
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A process of cellular respiration that takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria

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4
Q

Calvin cycle

A

A series of light independent reactions

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5
Q

NADH and FADH2

A

Electron carriers used in cellular respiration

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6
Q

During cellular respiration, energy from the breakdown of food is stored in…

A

ATP

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7
Q

Which process produces the most ATP?

A

Electron transport chain

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8
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What are the types of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid and alcohol fermentation.

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10
Q

Under what conditions of fermentation carried out?

A

Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen available and energy is needed

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11
Q

What are two differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

1: Photosynthesis convert sunlight energy into glucose while cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP.(2) Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast while cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

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12
Q

What are two similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

1: Both use similar electron carrying molecules.(2) Both processes require energy. (3) Both are aerobic

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13
Q

Interphase

A

The time between cell divisions where cells grow and chromosomes replicate

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

A figure showing metaphase chromosomes arranged by homologous pairs

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15
Q

Diploid cells

A

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Cell containing one set of chromosomes

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17
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA

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18
Q

Translation

A

The process of using RNA to make proteins

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19
Q

mRNA

A

The RNA that carries the information for protein synthesis

20
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of duplicating DNA in preparation for cell division

21
Q

What is the difference between DNA replication and transcription?

A

DNA replication occurs in the S phase and it duplicates itself. Transcription is when the DNA makes a “negative image” of the itself called mRNA that gets carries to ribosome

22
Q

A cell’s DNA consists of 12 pairs of homologous chromosomes. What is its diploid number? What is its haploid number?

A

Diploid: 24

Haploid: 12

23
Q

Three cells that each has a diploid number of 32 got through mitosis. How many cells result and how many total chromosomes are in each cell?

A

6 cells results

32 chromosomes

24
Q

Three cells that each has a diploid number of 32 go through meiosis. How many cell result and how many total chromosomes are in each cell

A

12 cells result

16 chromosomes

25
Q

Which process resembles mitosis most: meiosis I or meiosis II

A

Meiosis II

26
Q

A haploid cell with duplicated chromosomes turns into two haploid cells with no duplicated chromosomes. did the cell go through mitosis, metosis I, or meiosis II?

A

Meiosis I

27
Q

A diploid cell with duplicated chromosomes turn into two diploid cells with no duplicated chromosomes. Did the cell go through mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II?

A

Mitosis

28
Q

A single diploid cell goes through meiosis. Only one useful gamete is produced. Did meiosis take place in a male or female?

A

Female

29
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype

30
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous for that allele

31
Q

Genotypes

A

Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait

32
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable expression of an organism’s genes

33
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

34
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between tow individuals, concentrating on two definable traits

35
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Inheritance pattern in which heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes

36
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

An enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA only at a specific sequence of nucleotides

37
Q

Genetically modified organism

A

An organism that has been genetically altered by humans

38
Q

Transgenic organism

A

An organism that carries one or more genes from a different species

39
Q

For a given trait, how many alleles does a normal gamete have? How many alleles does an autosome have?

A

Gamete: 1

Autosome: 2

40
Q

Fossils

A

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

41
Q

Structural homology

A

The study of similar structures in different species

42
Q

Strata

A

Distinct layers of rock

43
Q

Macroevolution

A

The hypothesis that new and different organisms can, over eons of time and through natural selection, descend from a common ancestor

44
Q

Microevolution

A

The theory that more specialized species can, over time and through adaption and natural election, decent from a common ancestor

45
Q

The immutability of the species

A

The idea that each individual species on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change

46
Q

Some creationists say that all the ideas set forth in Darwin’s book are wrong. What is this not true?

A

Microevolution and the defeat of the idea of immutability were discovered by Darwin, which are true theories.

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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