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Biology- Mya > Module #11 Test > Flashcards

Module #11 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Botany

A

The study of plants

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2
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form

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3
Q

Vascular tissue

A

A system of tube-shaped cells branching throughout a plant that transports materials between roots and shoots

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4
Q

Dominant generation

A

In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the largest portion of the life cycle

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5
Q

Pollen

A

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

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6
Q

Cotyledon

A

A “seed leaf” which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.

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7
Q

Perennial plants

A

Plants the grow year after year

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8
Q

Annual plants

A

Plants that live for only one year

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9
Q

Biennial plants

A

Plants that live for two years

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10
Q

Perfect flowers

A

Flowers with both stamens and carpels

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11
Q

Imperfect flowers

A

Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

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12
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the carpel in flowering plants

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13
Q

Double fertilization

A

A fertilization process that requires two sperm to fuse with two other cells

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14
Q

Seed

A

An ovule with a protective coating, encasing a mature plant embryo and a nutrient source

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15
Q

Fruit

A

A mature ovary that contains a seed or seeds

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16
Q

What is the dominant generation in the moss life cycle? Is it haploid or diploid?

A

The gametophyte generation, which is haploid

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17
Q

A fern has antheridia and archegonia. Which part of the fern life cycle is it in? Is this the dominant generation?

A

If it has archegonia and antheridia, it produces gametes. Thus, it is in the gametophyte generation, which is not the dominant generation for ferns.

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18
Q

Why are bryophytes relatively small?

A

Since bryophytes have no vascular tissue, there is no efficient way to transport nutrients throughout the plant. The plant must stay small so that the nutrients won’t have to travel so far

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19
Q

What are the male and female reproductive organs in a conifer tree?

A

Female reproductive organ is the seed cone, and the male is the pollen cone.

20
Q

A plant produces seed cones and pollen cones. Is it vascular? To what group of plants does it belong?

A

A plant with seed cones and pollen cones belongs to the gymnosperms. It is vascular as only bryophytes are nonvascular.

21
Q

A plant produces flowers. To what group does it belong?

A

It belongs to the angiosperms.

22
Q

What is the male reproductive organ of a flower? What is the female reproductive organ?

A

The stamen is the male reproductive organ, and the carpel is the female reproductive organs of flowers

23
Q

Explain why the pollen grains and embryo sacs of flowers are considered the gametophyte generation in the alternation of generation life cycle of angiosperms

A

Both pollen grains and embryo sacs are multicellular, and both reproduce using gametes. This is the basic definition of the gametophyte generation in an alternations of generation life cycle.

24
Q

What two types of cells are found in a pollen grain?

A

There is at least one sperm cell and a tube nucleus.

25
Q

Typically, how many cells are in an embryo sac? How many of them get fertilized?

A

Typically, there are seven cells in an embryo sac. Remember, the megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to make 8 nuclei. Then, the cell segments into 6 small cells and 1 large cell that has 2 nuclei. Two of these cells get fertilized. One becomes the zygote, and the other becomes the endosperm.

26
Q

What is A?

A

Stigma

27
Q

What is B?

A

Style

28
Q

What is C?

A

Ovary

29
Q

What is D?

A

Ovule

30
Q

What is E?

A

Sepal

31
Q

What is F?

A

Anther

32
Q

What is G?

A

Filament

33
Q

What is H?

A

Petal

34
Q

What is I?

A

Receptacle

35
Q

What is J?

A

Pedicel

36
Q

What structure is composed of parts a, b, and c from this figure?

A

Carpel

37
Q

What structure is composed of parts f and g from this figure?

A

Stamen

38
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

Pollination is simply the transfer of pollen from an anther (stamen) to a stigma (carpel), while fertilization is the act of the sperm and egg fusing together with the large central nucleus in the embryo sac.

39
Q

How many sperm cells are used in plant fertilization?

A

Two sperm cells are used in plant fertilization because plants engage in double fertilization.

40
Q

Where does the endosperm come from? What is its purpose?

A

The endosperm comes from the fertilization of the large, two-nucleus cell that is at the center of the embryo sac. It provides nutrition for the developing embryo.

41
Q

The cotyledon or cotyledons help provide food for the plant before and often after germination. How do cotyledons accomplish each task?

A

Cotyledons either absorb the endosperm (dicots) or aid in the transfer of nutrients from the endosperm to the embryo (monocots).

After germination, they often perform the first photosynthesis in the plant.

42
Q

Name the three basic parts of the plant embryo and what each gives rise to in germination

A

The radicle, the hypocotyl, and the epicotyl. The radical becomes the root, the hypocotyl the stem, and the epicotyl gives rise to the first true leaves of the plant

43
Q

What is the purpose of a fruit?

A

A fruit allows for the dispersal of seeds to places away from the parent.

44
Q

Name at least three ways in which pollen is transferred from the stamens of one flower to the carpel of another

A

Wind, bees, beetles, birds, moth, or butterflies

45
Q

Why are cotyledons sometimes called seed leaves?

A

They form leaf-like structures if they end up rising above ground with the seedling. They often even carry out photosynthesis for a while.

Biology- Mya (18 decks)

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