self confidence and self efficacy Flashcards
1
Q
what is self esteem?
A
- sense of self worth and personal value
2
Q
what is self confidence?
A
- how sure you are of something
- a belief that you can successfully perform a behaviour e.g., recovering from a knee injury
3
Q
what impact can self confidence have?
A
- can be positive e.g., recovering from a knee injury
- can be negative e.g., confident you’ll miss a penalty
4
Q
what is self confidence considered as recently?
A
- considered a social and cognitive construct as it involves the brain and our environment
5
Q
what is it SC that is constant across different situations?
A
- Stable and trait- like
6
Q
what is SC that changes according to the situation?
A
- unstable and state- like
e.g., golfer could be confident in their long game but lack in putting
7
Q
what does Inverted U model represent?
A
- how confidence cannot overcome lack of competence
8
Q
what does lack of confidence cause?
A
- self doubt
- can have a negative effect on performance
9
Q
what is overconfidence? what might it cause?
A
- confidence exceeds skill level
- may cause athletes to underestimate their opponent or may improve opponent’s confidence and hence performance
10
Q
what is self efficacy?
A
- situation specific self- confidence
- Bandura= perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully
11
Q
what is self efficacy not concerned with?
A
- not concerned with actual skill but with the person’s belief of what they can do with their skills
12
Q
what is the advantage of self efficacy?
A
+ strong prediction of behaviour; important for health and wellbeing
13
Q
why is self efficacy important?
A
- behaviour patterns> effort levels, persistence
- task specific but can generalise to other skills
- goal setting> higher the efficacy means the better the goals
- thought patterns> whether you are worried and what you attribute things to
14
Q
what is physical activity engagement a combination of?
A
- self determined motivation and self efficacy for physical activity
- enjoyment and confidence in ability
15
Q
what is the strength of self efficacy?
A
+ important construct for positive behaviour
+ important to foster and develop it in people
16
Q
describe the self efficacy theory
A
- used to explain behaviour in different disciplines of psychology
- adapted from Bandura’s work and is interactional
17
Q
what does the self efficacy theory involve and what is the relationship described as?
A
- involves personal factors and environmental determinants
- reciprocal relationship as both factors influence each other
- changes performance and behaviour
18
Q
what is the mirotz et al 2000 study, what did he find?
A
- meta analysis of 45 studies, 3055 participants
- higher levels of self efficacy associated with better levels of performance
19
Q
what is the Notohoff et al 2017 study?
A
- systematic review of 63 studies
- characteristics linked to PA in older adults
- increased SA= increased PA
20
Q
what are the factors of Vealeys self efficacy model
A
- performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal, imaginal experiences and physiological state
21
Q
describe expectations
A
- expectations of someone’s behaviour can affect your behaviour and theirs
- coaches form an expectation about athlete
22
Q
describe performance accomplishments
A
- most dependable source of info for self efficacy
- based on mastery experience
23
Q
what does the effectiveness of performance accomplishments depend on?
A
- perceived difficulty of task, amount of guidance, pattern of success or failure
24
Q
what should you do with high expectation athletes? is biased treatment beneficial?
A
- increased frequency and quality of interaction/ feedback
- biased treatment affects athletes positively
25
how can performance accomplishments be positive and negative?
- performance confirms expectation= ^ SC
- if expectation doesn't meet reality self confidence can decrease = poor performance
26
what are the practical implications of performance accomplishment?
- break the skill down
- achievable and realistic goals
- positive reinforcement
27
what is vicarious experience? What does it help?
- involves watching others do something to increase confidence
- helps to learn new skill
28
what is the effectiveness of modelling process dependent?
- affected by type of model; age, gender, skill level, attractiveness
29
what are the four stages of modelling?
- attention> draw info from the demo
- retention> retain info from demo
- motor reproduction> reproduce the movement pattern
- motivation> desire to continue engaging and practice
30
what is verbal persuasion?
- others or yourself persuading you that you have the confidence to do a task
- techniques include evaluative feedback, expectation by others and self talk
31
what are the benefits of verbal persuasion?
- increase enjoyment
- reduce effort
- enhance affect
32
is verbal persuasion a strong source?
- not as strong as performance accomplishments
- difficult to install strong self efficacy via persuasion alone
33
what does the effectiveness of verbal persuasion depend on?
how reputable the source is;
- how trusting are they?
- do they know you?
- how much do you value their opinion?
34
what is the purpose of positive self talk?
- confidence building
- increased energy
- not task specific
35
what is the purpose of instructional self talk?
- helps when trying to learn new skills
36
what is purpose of negative verbal persuasion?
- often decreases self- efficacy with no benefits
37
describe the model involving pre- test, self talk intervention and post test
pre test= performance, self- efficacy
self talk= experimental or control
post test= performance, self efficacy
38
describe physiological states
- perceptions individuals have over their physiological state
- not the intensity of the state but how its perceived is more important
39
how can physiological states lead to higher or lower SE?
- when states e.g. racing HR are associated with poor performance, incompetence and perceived failure = lower self efficacy
- if facilitative self efficacy is enhanced and this aids performance
40
describe imaginal experiences
- imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively
- see and feel oneself demonstrating competency; used as a form of modelling
41
what are the benefits of imaginal experiences?
- if vivid enough it can be an example of performance accomplishment
- useful if behaviour hasn't been performed previously
42
describe emotional states
- to do with how good you are feeling
- emotions and mood associated with poor performance, incompetence, perceived failure = decrease self- efficacy
- feeling in the correct state of mind can increase performance; if state is facilitative self efficacy is enhanced
43
how can self confidence and self efficacy be assessed?
- assessed using questionnaires
- items selected and tested to gather best questions
- more SE questionnaires but these are less generalisable due to specific nature (situational specific)
44
give an example of self confidence questionnaire- is it general?
- trait sport confidence inventory
- include general SC as well as SC related to sport
45
what factors influence confidence?
- gender
- actual ability
- how long you've been playing
- memories/ recent performance
- standard of teammates
- response bias
- most confident person you know
46
what influence on performance accomplishment have the biggest effects on SE?
- greater perceived task difficulty
- something others can do
- something that is reinforced by others e.g. I can't believe you did that
47
what influences a smaller effect on SE?
- longer duration of being able to achieve it
- something considered easy by others
- something thought to be achieved by external factors e.g. luck > ability
48
what factors influence vicarious experience?
-experience / ability of the model (must be similar)
- more experience/ better ability can sometimes show person how to do it and make it look easier than it is
