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self confidence and self efficacy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is self esteem?

A
  • sense of self worth and personal value
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2
Q

what is self confidence?

A
  • how sure you are of something
  • a belief that you can successfully perform a behaviour e.g., recovering from a knee injury
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3
Q

what impact can self confidence have?

A
  • can be positive e.g., recovering from a knee injury
  • can be negative e.g., confident you’ll miss a penalty
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4
Q

what is self confidence considered as recently?

A
  • considered a social and cognitive construct as it involves the brain and our environment
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5
Q

what is it SC that is constant across different situations?

A
  • Stable and trait- like
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6
Q

what is SC that changes according to the situation?

A
  • unstable and state- like
    e.g., golfer could be confident in their long game but lack in putting
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7
Q

what does Inverted U model represent?

A
  • how confidence cannot overcome lack of competence
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8
Q

what does lack of confidence cause?

A
  • self doubt
  • can have a negative effect on performance
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9
Q

what is overconfidence? what might it cause?

A
  • confidence exceeds skill level
  • may cause athletes to underestimate their opponent or may improve opponent’s confidence and hence performance
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10
Q

what is self efficacy?

A
  • situation specific self- confidence
  • Bandura= perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully
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11
Q

what is self efficacy not concerned with?

A
  • not concerned with actual skill but with the person’s belief of what they can do with their skills
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12
Q

what is the advantage of self efficacy?

A

+ strong prediction of behaviour; important for health and wellbeing

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13
Q

why is self efficacy important?

A
  • behaviour patterns> effort levels, persistence
  • task specific but can generalise to other skills
  • goal setting> higher the efficacy means the better the goals
  • thought patterns> whether you are worried and what you attribute things to
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14
Q

what is physical activity engagement a combination of?

A
  • self determined motivation and self efficacy for physical activity
  • enjoyment and confidence in ability
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15
Q

what is the strength of self efficacy?

A

+ important construct for positive behaviour
+ important to foster and develop it in people

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16
Q

describe the self efficacy theory

A
  • used to explain behaviour in different disciplines of psychology
  • adapted from Bandura’s work and is interactional
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17
Q

what does the self efficacy theory involve and what is the relationship described as?

A
  • involves personal factors and environmental determinants
  • reciprocal relationship as both factors influence each other
  • changes performance and behaviour
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18
Q

what is the mirotz et al 2000 study, what did he find?

A
  • meta analysis of 45 studies, 3055 participants
  • higher levels of self efficacy associated with better levels of performance
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19
Q

what is the Notohoff et al 2017 study?

A
  • systematic review of 63 studies
  • characteristics linked to PA in older adults
  • increased SA= increased PA
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20
Q

what are the factors of Vealeys self efficacy model

A
  • performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal, imaginal experiences and physiological state
21
Q

describe expectations

A
  • expectations of someone’s behaviour can affect your behaviour and theirs
  • coaches form an expectation about athlete
22
Q

describe performance accomplishments

A
  • most dependable source of info for self efficacy
  • based on mastery experience
23
Q

what does the effectiveness of performance accomplishments depend on?

A
  • perceived difficulty of task, amount of guidance, pattern of success or failure
24
Q

what should you do with high expectation athletes? is biased treatment beneficial?

A
  • increased frequency and quality of interaction/ feedback
  • biased treatment affects athletes positively
25
Q

how can performance accomplishments be positive and negative?

A
  • performance confirms expectation= ^ SC
  • if expectation doesn’t meet reality self confidence can decrease = poor performance
26
Q

what are the practical implications of performance accomplishment?

A
  • break the skill down
  • achievable and realistic goals
  • positive reinforcement
27
Q

what is vicarious experience? What does it help?

A
  • involves watching others do something to increase confidence
  • helps to learn new skill
28
Q

what is the effectiveness of modelling process dependent?

A
  • affected by type of model; age, gender, skill level, attractiveness
29
Q

what are the four stages of modelling?

A
  • attention> draw info from the demo
  • retention> retain info from demo
  • motor reproduction> reproduce the movement pattern
  • motivation> desire to continue engaging and practice
30
Q

what is verbal persuasion?

A
  • others or yourself persuading you that you have the confidence to do a task
  • techniques include evaluative feedback, expectation by others and self talk
31
Q

what are the benefits of verbal persuasion?

A
  • increase enjoyment
  • reduce effort
  • enhance affect
32
Q

is verbal persuasion a strong source?

A
  • not as strong as performance accomplishments
  • difficult to install strong self efficacy via persuasion alone
33
Q

what does the effectiveness of verbal persuasion depend on?

A

how reputable the source is;
- how trusting are they?
- do they know you?
- how much do you value their opinion?

34
Q

what is the purpose of positive self talk?

A
  • confidence building
  • increased energy
  • not task specific
35
Q

what is the purpose of instructional self talk?

A
  • helps when trying to learn new skills
36
Q

what is purpose of negative verbal persuasion?

A
  • often decreases self- efficacy with no benefits
37
Q

describe the model involving pre- test, self talk intervention and post test

A

pre test= performance, self- efficacy
self talk= experimental or control
post test= performance, self efficacy

38
Q

describe physiological states

A
  • perceptions individuals have over their physiological state
  • not the intensity of the state but how its perceived is more important
39
Q

how can physiological states lead to higher or lower SE?

A
  • when states e.g. racing HR are associated with poor performance, incompetence and perceived failure = lower self efficacy
  • if facilitative self efficacy is enhanced and this aids performance
40
Q

describe imaginal experiences

A
  • imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively
  • see and feel oneself demonstrating competency; used as a form of modelling
41
Q

what are the benefits of imaginal experiences?

A
  • if vivid enough it can be an example of performance accomplishment
  • useful if behaviour hasn’t been performed previously
42
Q

describe emotional states

A
  • to do with how good you are feeling
  • emotions and mood associated with poor performance, incompetence, perceived failure = decrease self- efficacy
  • feeling in the correct state of mind can increase performance; if state is facilitative self efficacy is enhanced
43
Q

how can self confidence and self efficacy be assessed?

A
  • assessed using questionnaires
  • items selected and tested to gather best questions
  • more SE questionnaires but these are less generalisable due to specific nature (situational specific)
44
Q

give an example of self confidence questionnaire- is it general?

A
  • trait sport confidence inventory
  • include general SC as well as SC related to sport
45
Q

what factors influence confidence?

A
  • gender
  • actual ability
  • how long you’ve been playing
  • memories/ recent performance
  • standard of teammates
  • response bias
  • most confident person you know
46
Q

what influence on performance accomplishment have the biggest effects on SE?

A
  • greater perceived task difficulty
  • something others can do
  • something that is reinforced by others e.g. I can’t believe you did that
47
Q

what influences a smaller effect on SE?

A
  • longer duration of being able to achieve it
  • something considered easy by others
  • something thought to be achieved by external factors e.g. luck > ability
48
Q

what factors influence vicarious experience?

A

-experience / ability of the model (must be similar)
- more experience/ better ability can sometimes show person how to do it and make it look easier than it is

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