self confidence and self efficacy Flashcards
what is self esteem?
- sense of self worth and personal value
what is self confidence?
- how sure you are of something
- a belief that you can successfully perform a behaviour e.g., recovering from a knee injury
what impact can self confidence have?
- can be positive e.g., recovering from a knee injury
- can be negative e.g., confident you’ll miss a penalty
what is self confidence considered as recently?
- considered a social and cognitive construct as it involves the brain and our environment
what is it SC that is constant across different situations?
- Stable and trait- like
what is SC that changes according to the situation?
- unstable and state- like
e.g., golfer could be confident in their long game but lack in putting
what does Inverted U model represent?
- how confidence cannot overcome lack of competence
what does lack of confidence cause?
- self doubt
- can have a negative effect on performance
what is overconfidence? what might it cause?
- confidence exceeds skill level
- may cause athletes to underestimate their opponent or may improve opponent’s confidence and hence performance
what is self efficacy?
- situation specific self- confidence
- Bandura= perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully
what is self efficacy not concerned with?
- not concerned with actual skill but with the person’s belief of what they can do with their skills
what is the advantage of self efficacy?
+ strong prediction of behaviour; important for health and wellbeing
why is self efficacy important?
- behaviour patterns> effort levels, persistence
- task specific but can generalise to other skills
- goal setting> higher the efficacy means the better the goals
- thought patterns> whether you are worried and what you attribute things to
what is physical activity engagement a combination of?
- self determined motivation and self efficacy for physical activity
- enjoyment and confidence in ability
what is the strength of self efficacy?
+ important construct for positive behaviour
+ important to foster and develop it in people
describe the self efficacy theory
- used to explain behaviour in different disciplines of psychology
- adapted from Bandura’s work and is interactional
what does the self efficacy theory involve and what is the relationship described as?
- involves personal factors and environmental determinants
- reciprocal relationship as both factors influence each other
- changes performance and behaviour
what is the mirotz et al 2000 study, what did he find?
- meta analysis of 45 studies, 3055 participants
- higher levels of self efficacy associated with better levels of performance
what is the Notohoff et al 2017 study?
- systematic review of 63 studies
- characteristics linked to PA in older adults
- increased SA= increased PA
what are the factors of Vealeys self efficacy model
- performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal, imaginal experiences and physiological state
describe expectations
- expectations of someone’s behaviour can affect your behaviour and theirs
- coaches form an expectation about athlete
describe performance accomplishments
- most dependable source of info for self efficacy
- based on mastery experience
what does the effectiveness of performance accomplishments depend on?
- perceived difficulty of task, amount of guidance, pattern of success or failure
what should you do with high expectation athletes? is biased treatment beneficial?
- increased frequency and quality of interaction/ feedback
- biased treatment affects athletes positively
how can performance accomplishments be positive and negative?
- performance confirms expectation= ^ SC
- if expectation doesn’t meet reality self confidence can decrease = poor performance
what are the practical implications of performance accomplishment?
- break the skill down
- achievable and realistic goals
- positive reinforcement
what is vicarious experience? What does it help?
- involves watching others do something to increase confidence
- helps to learn new skill
what is the effectiveness of modelling process dependent?
- affected by type of model; age, gender, skill level, attractiveness
what are the four stages of modelling?
- attention> draw info from the demo
- retention> retain info from demo
- motor reproduction> reproduce the movement pattern
- motivation> desire to continue engaging and practice
what is verbal persuasion?
- others or yourself persuading you that you have the confidence to do a task
- techniques include evaluative feedback, expectation by others and self talk
what are the benefits of verbal persuasion?
- increase enjoyment
- reduce effort
- enhance affect
is verbal persuasion a strong source?
- not as strong as performance accomplishments
- difficult to install strong self efficacy via persuasion alone
what does the effectiveness of verbal persuasion depend on?
how reputable the source is;
- how trusting are they?
- do they know you?
- how much do you value their opinion?
what is the purpose of positive self talk?
- confidence building
- increased energy
- not task specific
what is the purpose of instructional self talk?
- helps when trying to learn new skills
what is purpose of negative verbal persuasion?
- often decreases self- efficacy with no benefits
describe the model involving pre- test, self talk intervention and post test
pre test= performance, self- efficacy
self talk= experimental or control
post test= performance, self efficacy
describe physiological states
- perceptions individuals have over their physiological state
- not the intensity of the state but how its perceived is more important
how can physiological states lead to higher or lower SE?
- when states e.g. racing HR are associated with poor performance, incompetence and perceived failure = lower self efficacy
- if facilitative self efficacy is enhanced and this aids performance
describe imaginal experiences
- imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively
- see and feel oneself demonstrating competency; used as a form of modelling
what are the benefits of imaginal experiences?
- if vivid enough it can be an example of performance accomplishment
- useful if behaviour hasn’t been performed previously
describe emotional states
- to do with how good you are feeling
- emotions and mood associated with poor performance, incompetence, perceived failure = decrease self- efficacy
- feeling in the correct state of mind can increase performance; if state is facilitative self efficacy is enhanced
how can self confidence and self efficacy be assessed?
- assessed using questionnaires
- items selected and tested to gather best questions
- more SE questionnaires but these are less generalisable due to specific nature (situational specific)
give an example of self confidence questionnaire- is it general?
- trait sport confidence inventory
- include general SC as well as SC related to sport
what factors influence confidence?
- gender
- actual ability
- how long you’ve been playing
- memories/ recent performance
- standard of teammates
- response bias
- most confident person you know
what influence on performance accomplishment have the biggest effects on SE?
- greater perceived task difficulty
- something others can do
- something that is reinforced by others e.g. I can’t believe you did that
what influences a smaller effect on SE?
- longer duration of being able to achieve it
- something considered easy by others
- something thought to be achieved by external factors e.g. luck > ability
what factors influence vicarious experience?
-experience / ability of the model (must be similar)
- more experience/ better ability can sometimes show person how to do it and make it look easier than it is
