promoting physical activity adoption and adherence Flashcards
what did Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute investigate?
- barriers to physical activity when its conducted
- 1955 PA monitor
how many people were involved? what was the question asked?
- 2500 Canadians
- asked how important are each of the following in keeping you from maintaining your PA?
what were the major barriers found?
- lack of time
- lack of energy
- lack of motivation
what were the moderate barriers found?
- cost
- injury
- lack of facilities
- feeling uncomfortable
what were the minor barriers found?
- lack of childcare
- lack of support
- lack of transportation
what groups did the top 10 barriers differ between?
- differed between age groups e.g. 18-44 included cost whereas 45+ included illness/ injury
what were the barriers in the clinical population of rheumatoid arthritis?
- lack of time and cost of exercise
what were the barriers given by people with Rheumatoid Arthritis?
- pain, fatigue, mobility, stiffness and lack of RA exercise programme
what are the benefits of physical activity on people with Rheumatoid Arthritis ?
- symptom management, pain relief, joint function, independence
what can facilitate those with Rheumatoid Arthritis to exercise?
- support
- exercise instructors
- health care provider
-family
what do psychological models and theories help us to understand?
- helps us understand the process of exercise adoption and adherence
describe the transtheoretical model
pre- contemplation> not thinking about PA
contemplation> considering PA (up to 2 years)
preparation> irregular PA begins
action> people do regular PA (risk of relapse)
maintenance> maintained activity level
termination> PA is part of their being
what is the toughest stage of the transtheoretical model? what should you do to help?
- maintenance is hard as can be unsure about the benefits
- address barriers by highlighting the importance of exercise
what should you identify when implementing interventions?
- different types of people within a group
- no intent to change, couch potatoes, defensive and uninformed and serious intent to exercise (time?)
why would self efficacy theory be related to interventions?
- promotes independence
- teaches individuals to be accountable for own behaviour
why would self determination theory be related to interventions?
- desire of wanting to be physically active
what did Fallon, Hausenblas & Nigg (2005) study?
- examined whether self- efficacy to overcome barriers could distinguish between the action, maintenance and termination stages
how many people were involved in Fallon et al (2005) study and what was the method?
- 330 men and 380 women
- completed the barrier- efficacy scale and state of change questionnaire
what is the barriers- efficacy scale?
- contains 12 items; perceived ability to exercise 5 x week in face of barriers
e.g., bad weather, lack of interest, exercising alone
what is the stages of change questionnaire?
- 5 items (+ 1 extra for termination phase) ‘ do you exercise 3x a week, for at least 20 mins each time’
what were the results of Fallon, Hausenblas and Nigg (2005) ?
- stage and sex specific considerations are warranted when designing stage- matched exercise interventions for long- term maintenance of exercise behaviour
what did Fallon et al classify based on self efficacy?
- able to classify 57% of the women according to their reported stage of change
what did Zamparippa et al (2018) study regarding autonomous motivation?
- analysed variations in behavioural regulation using the stages of change model
how many participants were used in Zamarippa et al (2018) study and what ages were they?
- 530 participants
- from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon and Mexico
- between 11 and 76
what did zamarippa et al find about the stages?
Pre- contemplation phase external & amotivation predominant
Action & maintenance= intrinsic, integrated and identified prominent
what implications would fostering self- efficacy and autonomous motivation have?
- positive implications for PA or exercise behaviour change
what is theory used to identified? how can these be changed?
- theory used to identify determinants
- that can be changed via strategies
describe behavioural modification
- planned, systematic application of learning principals to modification of behaviour
what does behavioural contract specify?
- expectations and responsibilities
- goals, consequences, dates
what are prompts?
- cues that initiate a behaviour
- verbal, physical and symbolic
what did Kerr et al (2001) study?
- 12 week stair climbing intervention banners on stair rises e.g. keep fit, exercise your heart
what did Kerr et al investigate?
- maintenance of behaviour when banners removed
- compared sex/ age differences
- highlighted the need for an individualised approach
what do cognitive- behavioural approaches assume?
- assume that internal events e.g. thinking have an important role in behavioural change
describe how goal setting should be applied?
- flexible, participant led (autonomy) and intrinsic ( personal interest, improving health) rather than extrinsic (image)
what did Martin et al(1984) study?
- compare exercise class participation when setting own goals compared to instructor set goals
what did Martin et al (1984) find?
- when you set own goals; 83% attendance and 47% still exercising 3 months after
- instructor set goals lead to 67% attendance and 28% exercise maintenance
what does decision making involve?
- involves cost vs benefit analysis
what does social support involve?
- individuals’ favourable attitude towards someone else’s involvement in a PA/ exercise programme
how can significant others influence engagement?
- through verbal reminders, encouragement, practical assistance e.g. transport, clothing
what does reinforcement approach utilise?
- utilises feedback such as biofeedback and verbal- linked to behaviour
e.g., levels of PA and end goal like weight loss
what can you introduce in a reinforcement approach?
- rewards e.g., covering the cost of a gym membership
- vitality rewards
what does an intrinsic approach allow?
- allows more autonomous motivation i.e. inherent interest, fun and enjoyment from the activity
what does the intrinsic approach focus on?
- focuses on the experience itself
- change the quality of PA/ exercise experience and focus on the process e.g. effort, task mastery
what do individuals who aren’t motivated not seek? what do they experience?
- do not seek social affective or material objectives
- experience negative sensations such as incompetence, apathy and depression
where is extrinsic motivation found?
- found between extremes of intrinsic motivation and amotivation
- refers to performing an activity with the aim of obtaining a separable result
what are the two phases you go through to change behaviour? relating to the health action process approach
- motivational and volitional
describe motivational phase
- preparing to exercise
- all to do with risk perception and outcome expectations which help to drive intent
describe volitional phase
- processes that occur to turn intention into behaviour
