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anabolic androgenic steroids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are anabolic androgenic steroids?

A
  • group of hormones that have an androgenic effect (deepened voice) and anabolic effect (more muscular, better recovery)
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2
Q

how can they be administered?

A
  • oral or injected
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3
Q

what is the prevalance of steroid users in the UK?

A
  • estimated between 328,000 to 687,000 males use AAS
  • 1700 to 76000 women use AAS in UK
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4
Q

what is the global prevalence percentage of steroid users?

A
  • 3.3%
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5
Q

What are the internal motivations of use?

A
  • body dissatisfaction
  • desire to increase size
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6
Q

what are the five drivers of use?

A
  • muscle dysmorphia
  • eating disorders
  • Adverse childhood experience
  • High DMDS and low CGFES
  • Hypogonadism
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7
Q

what is muscle dysmorphia?

A
  • belief that the individual is puny and small when in reality they are unusually muscular
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8
Q

what are the negative effects of muscle dysmorphia on social/ occupational activities?

A
  • bodily shame
  • diet
  • regimented training
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9
Q

what other negative effects occur from muscle dysmorphia?

A
  • poorer quality of life
  • suicidal attempts
  • high frequency of substance abuse
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10
Q

what did Hildebrandt et al (2010) study? how many participants were used?

A
  • cross sectional self- report study of 1000 AAS using males to explore the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in AAS users
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11
Q

what main contributors for muscle dysmorphia did Hildebrandt et al (2010) find?

A
  • drive for size
  • appearance intolerance
  • functional impairment
  • lies on a spectrum
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12
Q

what did Griffiths et al (2018) study? how many participants were used?

A
  • cross sectional self- report study of 74 male AAS users to identify if muscle dysmorphia was associated with AAS misuse disorder
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13
Q

what did Griffiths et al (2018) find?

A
  • increased muscle dysmorphia was associated with increased severity of AAS misuse
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14
Q

what did Murray et al (2016) study? how many participants were used?

A
  • cross sectional self report study using 122 male AAS users to explore the difference between performance and appearance motivations for AAS use
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15
Q

what did Murray et al (2016) find?

A
  • appearance motivation reported greater muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder pathology
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16
Q

what did cole et al (2003) study and how many participants were involved?

A
  • cross sectional study using 137 male gym goes (current/ ex users= 48, non users= 89) to examine the link between eating disorders and AAS
17
Q

what did Cole et al (2003) find?

A
  • current and ex AAS users had ^ symptoms of eating disorders vs non - users
  • AAS users with dependence ^ symptoms of eating disorders
  • unsure if eating disorders were a cause or effect of AAS use
18
Q

what was Griffiths et al (2017) study? how many participants were used?

A
  • online cross- sectional survey of 2733 males
19
Q

what did Griffiths et al (2017) find relating to eating disorders?

A
  • increased desire to use AAS was associated with higher symptoms of EDs
  • AAS users experienced higher eating disorder symptoms
  • AAS users experienced ^ body image dissatisfaction
20
Q

what are the undesired cosmetic effects?

A
  • acne
  • increased body hair
  • baldness
  • abscesses
21
Q

what are the undesired physical effects?

A
  • muscle/ tendon damage
  • cholesterol imbalances
  • elevated RBCs
  • lowering of voice
  • gyno
  • clitoral enlargement
22
Q

what are the undesired psychological effects?

A
  • decreased/ increased libido
  • depression
  • increased anxiety
  • mood swings
  • insomnia
  • increased body checking
  • increased violence and aggression
23
Q

what are the neurological undesired effects?

A
  • thinner cortices
  • reduced brain volume
  • increased brain aging
  • reduced BDNF
  • compromised and executive function
24
Q

what is AAS dependence?

A
  • continuous use despite adverse medical, psychiatric, social and occupational effects
25
Q

how many AAS users develop AAS dependency?

A
  • 30% of AAS users
26
Q

why do dependent users have an increased experience of undesired effects?

A
  • use of higher doses and more compounds
  • less time off- cycle
27
Q

Is AAS use common in women? what is the lifetime prevalence?

A
  • common in female bodybuilders, desire to enhance fitness
  • 1.6% lifetime prevalence
28
Q

why do women use AAS?

A
  • increased muscle mass, strength and aesthetics
  • increased self- protection after abuse
  • improving self- evaluation and self- confidence
  • often pushed to use by male figure
29
Q

what are the undesired effects of AAS on women?

A
  • often irreversible; masculinizing effects
  • clitoral enlargement
  • irregular menstrual cycles and/ or fertility
30
Q

how is AAS use reduced?

A
  • needle and syringe programs
  • educational programmes
  • understanding motivations to use substances
  • managing use

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