acute effects of physical activity on affect

Question 1

what are the moderators of the effect of exercise? (6)

Answer 1

• exercise control; quiet rest
• methodological set up; counterbalanced, randomised
• age; older age, greater effect
• exercise intensity; high intensity
• exercise mode; treadmill, walking
• activity levels; if sedentary, benefits may be bigger

Question 2

what study did Ensari et al (2015) conduct?

Answer 2

• meta - analysis of available studies, combined info from all studies that included acute exercise, state anxiety, randomisation/ counterbalancing

Question 3

how many studies were included in Ensari et al (2015) ? what were the differences?

Answer 3

• 36 studies
• within and between subject studies
• different exercise modes, intensities and durations

Question 4

what did Ensari et al (2015) study and what did the results show?

Answer 4

• measured state anxiety
• results found a positive effect of exercise on anxiety

Question 5

what can lab based studies explore? what is the limitation?

Answer 5

• explores affective responses to exercise
• not very realistic

Question 6

what may be more accurate than a lab- based study? give an example

Answer 6

• in the moment studies are needed to look at the responses in more detail
  e.g., watch, questionnaire, recording of exerise

Question 7

what assessments did Liao et al (2015) used to study affective state and subsequent PA?

Answer 7

• included positive affect (alert, enthusiastic, excited) and negative affect (irritable, nervous, upset), energy, calmness

Question 8

what did positive affect predict? - Liao et al (2015)

Answer 8

• predicted subsequent PA with varying timeframes

Question 9

what did negative affect predict? - Liao et al (2015)

Answer 9

• no associations between negative affect and PA

Question 10

what did Liao et al (2015) results show about feeling state?

Answer 10

• feeling state i.e. energy, fatigue has limited and inconclusive evidence
• PA can increase feeling of energy, effects of PA on calmness mind

Question 11

what were the three limitations of Liao et al (2015) ?

Answer 11

• mostly based on self - reported PA
• varying intensities
• context i.e., exercising with others

Question 12

what did Liao et al (2017) use to assess affect and physical activity?

Answer 12

• 15- min time windows summarised total minutes spent in moderate- to- vigorous PA before and after random EMA prompt

Question 13

how many times was the measurement in Liao et al (2017) study used? what were the key measurements?

Answer 13

• 8 times per day for 4 days
• measured positive affect, negative affect, feelings of energy

Question 14

what did Liao et al (2017) find about the association between positive and negative affect on MVPA ?

Answer 14

• higher positive affect and lower negative affect caused an increased MVPA

Question 15

what did higher negative affect and energy increase? Liao et al (2017)

Answer 15

• increased LPA

Question 16

what question did Liao et al(2017) study B try to answer?

Answer 16

• what are the associations between the acute affective responses to ‘ free living’ PA and future PA behaviour?

Question 17

how many participants took part in Liao et al (2017) b? what many waves of data?

Answer 17

• 82 participants
• 3 waves of data ; 6 months apart

Question 18

how was physical activity measured in Liao et al (2017) b?

Answer 18

• assessed by accelerometer

Question 19

how did EMA measure PA and affective state in Liao et al (2017) b ?

Answer 19

• PA= what were you doing right before the beep went off?
• affective state= how were you feeling just before the beep?

Question 20

what did the results show in terms of positive affect, negative affect, energy and fatigue between physically active people compared to inactive people?

Answer 20

• positive affect; 3.39 vs 3.13
• negative affect; 1.51 vs 1.42
• energy; 3.37 vs 2.68
• fatigue; 1.63 vs 2.05

Question 21

what associations did Liao et al (2017) b find between affect and changes in PA?

Answer 21

• feeling more energetic during PA at baseline was associated with an increase in daily MVPA
• feeling more negative affect at baseline associated with a decrease in MVPA

Question 22

what did Mothes et al (2017) study?

Answer 22

• experimental design to examine the effects of outcome expectation on affective response to exercise

Question 23

what were the four groups used in Mothes et al (2017) to study outcome expectation?

Answer 23

• enhanced expectation = positive outcome expectation regarding exercise
• expectation= positive outcome expectation regarding exercise
• control 1= description of the methods used
• control 2= exercise you’re about to do is not suitable to improve wellbeing

Question 24

what was there a greater improvement in individuals with greater expectations? - Mothes et al (2017)

Answer 24

• improvements in anxiety and vigour

Question 25

what did Mothes et al (2017) find about exercising with others?

Answer 25

• greater positive affect when exercising with other people

Question 26

what did Mothes et al (2017) find about exercising outside?

Answer 26

• lower negative affect when exercising outdoors

Question 27

what should pts be reminded of during interventions?

Answer 27

• benefits
  e.g., immune= cytokines, adipocytes
  physiological= mitochondrial, endorphin
  psychological = self- efficacy, distraction