exercise dependence, overtraining and burnout Flashcards
what is exercise dependence?
- maladaptive patterns of exercise leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
when is exercise dependence diagnosed?
- when over 3 symptoms are present
what are the symptoms of exercise dependence ? - 7
- tolerance
- withdrawal
- intention effects
- loss of control
- time
- conflict
- continuance
is exercise dependence rare? what is the difference in exercisers compared to general population?
- very rare, however;
- 3.2% exercises vs 0.55% general population
- 6.9 % sport science students
what type of athletes is exercise dependence high in?
- 22% in runners
- 50% increased risk in competitive runners compared to non- competitive
what are the predisposing factors for exercise dependence? - 3
- take part in exercise
- runners high= associated with withdrawal component
- positive affect= joy, euphoria, limitless energy, ^ wellbeing, reduced pain
what did Nogueira et al (2018) study and find about exercise dependence?
- reviewed 25 studies on exercise dependence
- two major risk factors found;
> obsessive passion and dedication
what is obsessive passion risk factor ?
- relentless pursuit of an activity/ act that someone is passionate about
what is dedication risk factor?
- dedication to sports activity
- utilising sport to alleviate other addictive behaviours
how many female exercises did Bamber et al (2000) use in the study on wellbeing, self- esteem, exercise dependence and EDs? what were the 4 groups?
- 291 young female exercises
- 4 groups= exercise dependence (absence of ED), possible ED, both, neither
what measure did Bamber et al (2000) use? what was lower self- esteem associated with?
- questionnaire
- lower self- esteem associated with eating disorder and exercise dependence
who did Heaney et al (2011) study and what lab measures were taken?
- 219 young female exercisers from UOB
- 1o who scored highest and 10 who scored lowest on exercise dependence criteria
- lab assessment: HR and cortisol reactivity to mental arithmetic test
what did Heaney et al (2011) find from lab assessment of those with exercise dependence?
- those with exercise dependence had a blunted HR and cortisol stress reactivity
what does overtraining involve?
- performance decrements
- loss of motivation
what does overtraining down- regulate and increase the risk of?
- down- regulates immune function
- increased risk to infection
what is the main intervention to overtraining?
- rational emotive behavioural therapy
- helps people react rationally to situations that would cause negative affect
what does rational emotive behavioural therapy manage?
- manages emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in a healthier way
what is burnout?
- physical, emotional, and social withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable sport activity
what is burnout characterised by?
- physical and emotional exhaustion
- low self- esteem and personal accomplishment
- feelings of failure and depression
- depersonalisation and devaluation
what causes burnout?
- intense demands
- leads to chronic stress
- which leads to burnout
what is the prevalence range in athletes for burnout?
- ranges from 1- 5% in athletes
what are the six models of burnout?
- cognitive- affective stress model
- negative- training stress response model
- unidimensional identity development and external control model
- commitment and entrapment theory
- self determination theory
- integrated model of athlete burnout
describe the cognitive stress model
- athlete experiences stress, cognitive appraisal (if negative they will experience less healthy coping mechanisms)
- can lead to withdrawal
describe negative- training stress response model
- focus is on responses to physical training
- mental and physical stress can have positive and negative effects
positive= overloads the body w sprint work to get faster
negative = ^ training - overtraining & staleness causes burnout
what are the limitations of negative- training stress response model?
- doesn’t consider the psychological and social stressors that can influence burnout
- Gould (1997) identified cases of burnout not driven via training
what are the four risk factors for burnout?
- physical concerns
- logistical concerns
- social or interpersonal concerns
- psychological concerns
describe physical concerns as a risk factor for burnout
- injury
- overtraining
- persistent fatigue
- lack of physical development
describe logistical concerns as a risk factor for burnout
- travel grind
- demand of time a sport requires
describe social or interpersonal concerns as a risk factor for burnout
- dissatisfaction with social life
- negative parental influences
- unhelpful coaches
describe psychological concerns as a risk factor for burnout
- unfulfilled/ inappropriate expectations (rankings, professional career, lack of talent)
- lack of enjoyment
- pressure to win e.g., maintain scholariship
what factor leads to overtraining and burnout?
- perfectionism
- perfectionistic concerns ( fear of making mistake) increases risk
- perfectionistic strivings (perfectionist personal standards) reduces risk
what social factor may lead to overtraining and burnout?
- negative social interaction
- peer conflict
- controlling behaviours from coaches, positively associated with burnout
- support from high quality coaches is negatively associated with burnout
what are the symptoms of overtraining and burnout? (5)
- depressed mood
- psychological stress
- negative affect
- withdrawal from sport
- reduction in coping skills, hope, perceived control, optimism
how can you manage burnout?
- monitor critical states in athletes
- communication
- autonomy- supportive coaching
- setting short- term goals
- breaks
- learn self- regulation skills
- manage psyche
- keep in good shape
