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exercise dependence, overtraining and burnout Flashcards

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1
Q

what is exercise dependence?

A
  • maladaptive patterns of exercise leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
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2
Q

when is exercise dependence diagnosed?

A
  • when over 3 symptoms are present
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3
Q

what are the symptoms of exercise dependence ? - 7

A
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • intention effects
  • loss of control
  • time
  • conflict
  • continuance
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4
Q

is exercise dependence rare? what is the difference in exercisers compared to general population?

A
  • very rare, however;
  • 3.2% exercises vs 0.55% general population
  • 6.9 % sport science students
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5
Q

what type of athletes is exercise dependence high in?

A
  • 22% in runners
  • 50% increased risk in competitive runners compared to non- competitive
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6
Q

what are the predisposing factors for exercise dependence? - 3

A
  • take part in exercise
  • runners high= associated with withdrawal component
  • positive affect= joy, euphoria, limitless energy, ^ wellbeing, reduced pain
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7
Q

what did Nogueira et al (2018) study and find about exercise dependence?

A
  • reviewed 25 studies on exercise dependence
  • two major risk factors found;
    > obsessive passion and dedication
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8
Q

what is obsessive passion risk factor ?

A
  • relentless pursuit of an activity/ act that someone is passionate about
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9
Q

what is dedication risk factor?

A
  • dedication to sports activity
  • utilising sport to alleviate other addictive behaviours
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10
Q

how many female exercises did Bamber et al (2000) use in the study on wellbeing, self- esteem, exercise dependence and EDs? what were the 4 groups?

A
  • 291 young female exercises
  • 4 groups= exercise dependence (absence of ED), possible ED, both, neither
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11
Q

what measure did Bamber et al (2000) use? what was lower self- esteem associated with?

A
  • questionnaire
  • lower self- esteem associated with eating disorder and exercise dependence
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12
Q

who did Heaney et al (2011) study and what lab measures were taken?

A
  • 219 young female exercisers from UOB
  • 1o who scored highest and 10 who scored lowest on exercise dependence criteria
  • lab assessment: HR and cortisol reactivity to mental arithmetic test
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13
Q

what did Heaney et al (2011) find from lab assessment of those with exercise dependence?

A
  • those with exercise dependence had a blunted HR and cortisol stress reactivity
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14
Q

what does overtraining involve?

A
  • performance decrements
  • loss of motivation
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15
Q

what does overtraining down- regulate and increase the risk of?

A
  • down- regulates immune function
  • increased risk to infection
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16
Q

what is the main intervention to overtraining?

A
  • rational emotive behavioural therapy
  • helps people react rationally to situations that would cause negative affect
17
Q

what does rational emotive behavioural therapy manage?

A
  • manages emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in a healthier way
18
Q

what is burnout?

A
  • physical, emotional, and social withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable sport activity
19
Q

what is burnout characterised by?

A
  • physical and emotional exhaustion
  • low self- esteem and personal accomplishment
  • feelings of failure and depression
  • depersonalisation and devaluation
20
Q

what causes burnout?

A
  • intense demands
  • leads to chronic stress
  • which leads to burnout
21
Q

what is the prevalence range in athletes for burnout?

A
  • ranges from 1- 5% in athletes
22
Q

what are the six models of burnout?

A
  1. cognitive- affective stress model
  2. negative- training stress response model
  3. unidimensional identity development and external control model
  4. commitment and entrapment theory
  5. self determination theory
  6. integrated model of athlete burnout
23
Q

describe the cognitive stress model

A
  • athlete experiences stress, cognitive appraisal (if negative they will experience less healthy coping mechanisms)
  • can lead to withdrawal
24
Q

describe negative- training stress response model

A
  • focus is on responses to physical training
  • mental and physical stress can have positive and negative effects
    positive= overloads the body w sprint work to get faster
    negative = ^ training - overtraining & staleness causes burnout
25
Q

what are the limitations of negative- training stress response model?

A
  • doesn’t consider the psychological and social stressors that can influence burnout
  • Gould (1997) identified cases of burnout not driven via training
26
Q

what are the four risk factors for burnout?

A
  • physical concerns
  • logistical concerns
  • social or interpersonal concerns
  • psychological concerns
27
Q

describe physical concerns as a risk factor for burnout

A
  • injury
  • overtraining
  • persistent fatigue
  • lack of physical development
28
Q

describe logistical concerns as a risk factor for burnout

A
  • travel grind
  • demand of time a sport requires
29
Q

describe social or interpersonal concerns as a risk factor for burnout

A
  • dissatisfaction with social life
  • negative parental influences
  • unhelpful coaches
30
Q

describe psychological concerns as a risk factor for burnout

A
  • unfulfilled/ inappropriate expectations (rankings, professional career, lack of talent)
  • lack of enjoyment
  • pressure to win e.g., maintain scholariship
31
Q

what factor leads to overtraining and burnout?

A
  • perfectionism
  • perfectionistic concerns ( fear of making mistake) increases risk
  • perfectionistic strivings (perfectionist personal standards) reduces risk
32
Q

what social factor may lead to overtraining and burnout?

A
  • negative social interaction
  • peer conflict
  • controlling behaviours from coaches, positively associated with burnout
  • support from high quality coaches is negatively associated with burnout
33
Q

what are the symptoms of overtraining and burnout? (5)

A
  • depressed mood
  • psychological stress
  • negative affect
  • withdrawal from sport
  • reduction in coping skills, hope, perceived control, optimism
34
Q

how can you manage burnout?

A
  • monitor critical states in athletes
  • communication
  • autonomy- supportive coaching
  • setting short- term goals
  • breaks
  • learn self- regulation skills
  • manage psyche
  • keep in good shape

sport psychology (17 decks)

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