competition and coordination Flashcards
what is competition?
- process in which the comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of another person who is aware of the criterion for comparison and can evaluate the comparison process
what are the benefits of competition?
- can bring out the best in us
- liberates energy not ordinarily available
describe the stress of competition
- acute psychological stressor
- a state in which demands are placed on the individual who is then required to react in order to cope
what was Ring et al (2005) study?
- cycle ergometer task in pairs
control= instructed to pedal at diff cadences
competition= same cadences as control but told they were racing against opponent in velodrome
what measures did Ring et al (2005) cycle study use?
- rated excitement and arousal
- heart rate
what did Ring et al (2005) results show?
- higher levels of excitement and arousal when competiting but similar heart rate
what did Harrison et al (2001) study?
- Scalextric car racing on figure- of- eight circuit
individual= do your best
cooperation= drove in opposite direction to experimenter
pure competition= raced against experimenter
what measures were used in Harrison et al (2001) study?
- self ratings; exciting, engaging
- cardiovascular measures; HR and cardiac pre- ejection period
what did Harrison et al (2001) results show?
- excitement and engagement highest in competition then cooperation
- heart rate highest in competition then individual
- cardiac pre- ejection highest in cooperation then individual
what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?
- Scalextric car racing on figure of eight circuit
individual= do your best
pure comp= head to head against experimenter
what measures were used in Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?
- self ratings of excitement and engagement
- cardiovascular measures; heart rate, heart rate variability, cardiac pre- ejection period and vascular resistance
what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) find?
- engagement and excitement ^ in comp
- comp had highest heart rate and vascular resistance
- individual had highest heart rate variability and cardiac pre- ejection
what is the social interdependence theory (Deutsch, 1949) ?
- proposes that the structure of the task influences social interaction and thereby influences performance
what are the three modes of social interdependence?
- negative interdependence
- positive interdependence
- no interdependence
what is negative interdependence?
- one’s goal can only be achieved if others fail to achieve their goal, which occurs when we compete with others
what is positive interdependence?
- one’s goal can be achieved if others’ also achieve their goal, which occurs when we cooperate with others
what is no interdependence?
- one’s goal can be achieved regardless of whether others’ achieve their goal
what social climate does negative goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we compete with others
what social climate does positive goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we cooperate with others
what social climate does null goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we perform as individuals
what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) study?
- meta- analysis of 64 studies examining effects of competition and cooperation on motor skill performance
individual= do your best
pure comp= winner takes all, one individual tries to outperform all others
pure coop= individuals work together
what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) find?
- winner takes all (pure comp) outperforms do your best
- pure cooperation outperforms individual
why does winner takes all outperform do your best?
- energy boost
- motivation
why does pure cooperation outperform individual?
- social support
- group dynamics
- motivation