competition and coordination

Question 1

what is competition?

Answer 1

• process in which the comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of another person who is aware of the criterion for comparison and can evaluate the comparison process

Question 2

what are the benefits of competition?

Answer 2

• can bring out the best in us
• liberates energy not ordinarily available

Question 3

describe the stress of competition

Answer 3

• acute psychological stressor
• a state in which demands are placed on the individual who is then required to react in order to cope

Question 4

what was Ring et al (2005) study?

Answer 4

• cycle ergometer task in pairs
  control= instructed to pedal at diff cadences
  competition= same cadences as control but told they were racing against opponent in velodrome

Question 5

what measures did Ring et al (2005) cycle study use?

Answer 5

• rated excitement and arousal
• heart rate

Question 6

what did Ring et al (2005) results show?

Answer 6

• higher levels of excitement and arousal when competiting but similar heart rate

Question 7

what did Harrison et al (2001) study?

Answer 7

• Scalextric car racing on figure- of- eight circuit
  individual= do your best
  cooperation= drove in opposite direction to experimenter
  pure competition= raced against experimenter

Question 8

what measures were used in Harrison et al (2001) study?

Answer 8

• self ratings; exciting, engaging
• cardiovascular measures; HR and cardiac pre- ejection period

Question 9

what did Harrison et al (2001) results show?

Answer 9

• excitement and engagement highest in competition then cooperation
• heart rate highest in competition then individual
• cardiac pre- ejection highest in cooperation then individual

Question 10

what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?

Answer 10

• Scalextric car racing on figure of eight circuit
  individual= do your best
  pure comp= head to head against experimenter

Question 11

what measures were used in Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?

Answer 11

• self ratings of excitement and engagement
• cardiovascular measures; heart rate, heart rate variability, cardiac pre- ejection period and vascular resistance

Question 12

what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) find?

Answer 12

• engagement and excitement ^ in comp
• comp had highest heart rate and vascular resistance
• individual had highest heart rate variability and cardiac pre- ejection

Question 13

what is the social interdependence theory (Deutsch, 1949) ?

Answer 13

• proposes that the structure of the task influences social interaction and thereby influences performance

Question 14

what are the three modes of social interdependence?

Answer 14

• negative interdependence
• positive interdependence
• no interdependence

Question 15

what is negative interdependence?

Answer 15

• one’s goal can only be achieved if others fail to achieve their goal, which occurs when we compete with others

Question 16

what is positive interdependence?

Answer 16

• one’s goal can be achieved if others’ also achieve their goal, which occurs when we cooperate with others

Question 17

what is no interdependence?

Answer 17

• one’s goal can be achieved regardless of whether others’ achieve their goal

Question 18

what social climate does negative goal interdependence occur?

Answer 18

• happens when we compete with others

Question 19

what social climate does positive goal interdependence occur?

Answer 19

• happens when we cooperate with others

Question 20

what social climate does null goal interdependence occur?

Answer 20

• happens when we perform as individuals

Question 21

what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) study?

Answer 21

• meta- analysis of 64 studies examining effects of competition and cooperation on motor skill performance
  individual= do your best
  pure comp= winner takes all, one individual tries to outperform all others
  pure coop= individuals work together

Question 22

what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) find?

Answer 22

• winner takes all (pure comp) outperforms do your best
• pure cooperation outperforms individual

Question 23

why does winner takes all outperform do your best?

Answer 23

• energy boost
• motivation

Question 24

why does pure cooperation outperform individual?

Answer 24

• social support
• group dynamics
• motivation

Question 25

what did Tauer & Harackieqicz (2004) study?

Answer 25

• basketball free- throw shooting in pairs
  pure comp= try to score more baskets than your partner
  pure coop= as a pair, try to score more baskets than warm up
  team comp= as a pair, try score more baskets than the other pairs

Question 26

what measurements did Tauer & Harackieicz (2004) use?

Answer 26

• performance (number of baskets)
• intrinsic motivation (Enjoyment)

Question 27

what did Tauer & Harackiewicz (2004) find?

Answer 27

• team comp had highest score on performance and enjoyment

Question 28

why does all for one and one for all produce optimal performance?

Answer 28

• more enjoyable
• more effort
  social facilitation and social loafing

Question 29

what did Cooke et al (2011) study?

Answer 29

• endurance task; squeezed handgrip dynamometer at 40% of max as long as possible
  individual= do your best
  team comp= six members per team; try to last longer than other teams

Question 30

what measures did Cooke et al (2011) use?

Answer 30

• intrinsic motivation; self- report enjoyment
  engagement via pulse amplitude
• effort; self report and heart rate variability
• anxiety; self- report, heart rate+ muscle tension
• performance= endurance time

Question 31

what did Cooke et al (2011) show?

Answer 31

• higher endurance time as team
• higher enjoyment, effort and anxiety as a team
• higher pulse amplitude, heart rate variability as individual but higher HR and muscle activity of team

Question 32

what did Cooke et al (2013) study?

Answer 32

• squeezed handgrip dynamometer at 40% of maximum for as long as possible
  individual= do your best
  head to head comp= 1 v 1, 2 v 2 and 4 v 4

Question 33

what did Cooke et al (2013) show?

Answer 33

• highest endurance time in 2 vs 2
• enjoyment and effort high in 2 vs 2 and 4 vs 4
• anxiety highest in 4 vs 4
• muscle tension highest in 1 vs 1 and 2 vs 2