competition and coordination Flashcards
what is competition?
- process in which the comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of another person who is aware of the criterion for comparison and can evaluate the comparison process
what are the benefits of competition?
- can bring out the best in us
- liberates energy not ordinarily available
describe the stress of competition
- acute psychological stressor
- a state in which demands are placed on the individual who is then required to react in order to cope
what was Ring et al (2005) study?
- cycle ergometer task in pairs
control= instructed to pedal at diff cadences
competition= same cadences as control but told they were racing against opponent in velodrome
what measures did Ring et al (2005) cycle study use?
- rated excitement and arousal
- heart rate
what did Ring et al (2005) results show?
- higher levels of excitement and arousal when competiting but similar heart rate
what did Harrison et al (2001) study?
- Scalextric car racing on figure- of- eight circuit
individual= do your best
cooperation= drove in opposite direction to experimenter
pure competition= raced against experimenter
what measures were used in Harrison et al (2001) study?
- self ratings; exciting, engaging
- cardiovascular measures; HR and cardiac pre- ejection period
what did Harrison et al (2001) results show?
- excitement and engagement highest in competition then cooperation
- heart rate highest in competition then individual
- cardiac pre- ejection highest in cooperation then individual
what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?
- Scalextric car racing on figure of eight circuit
individual= do your best
pure comp= head to head against experimenter
what measures were used in Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) study?
- self ratings of excitement and engagement
- cardiovascular measures; heart rate, heart rate variability, cardiac pre- ejection period and vascular resistance
what did Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al (2002) find?
- engagement and excitement ^ in comp
- comp had highest heart rate and vascular resistance
- individual had highest heart rate variability and cardiac pre- ejection
what is the social interdependence theory (Deutsch, 1949) ?
- proposes that the structure of the task influences social interaction and thereby influences performance
what are the three modes of social interdependence?
- negative interdependence
- positive interdependence
- no interdependence
what is negative interdependence?
- one’s goal can only be achieved if others fail to achieve their goal, which occurs when we compete with others
what is positive interdependence?
- one’s goal can be achieved if others’ also achieve their goal, which occurs when we cooperate with others
what is no interdependence?
- one’s goal can be achieved regardless of whether others’ achieve their goal
what social climate does negative goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we compete with others
what social climate does positive goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we cooperate with others
what social climate does null goal interdependence occur?
- happens when we perform as individuals
what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) study?
- meta- analysis of 64 studies examining effects of competition and cooperation on motor skill performance
individual= do your best
pure comp= winner takes all, one individual tries to outperform all others
pure coop= individuals work together
what did Stanne, Johnson & Johnson (1999) find?
- winner takes all (pure comp) outperforms do your best
- pure cooperation outperforms individual
why does winner takes all outperform do your best?
- energy boost
- motivation
why does pure cooperation outperform individual?
- social support
- group dynamics
- motivation
what did Tauer & Harackieqicz (2004) study?
- basketball free- throw shooting in pairs
pure comp= try to score more baskets than your partner
pure coop= as a pair, try to score more baskets than warm up
team comp= as a pair, try score more baskets than the other pairs
what measurements did Tauer & Harackieicz (2004) use?
- performance (number of baskets)
- intrinsic motivation (Enjoyment)
what did Tauer & Harackiewicz (2004) find?
- team comp had highest score on performance and enjoyment
why does all for one and one for all produce optimal performance?
- more enjoyable
- more effort
social facilitation and social loafing
what did Cooke et al (2011) study?
- endurance task; squeezed handgrip dynamometer at 40% of max as long as possible
individual= do your best
team comp= six members per team; try to last longer than other teams
what measures did Cooke et al (2011) use?
- intrinsic motivation; self- report enjoyment
engagement via pulse amplitude - effort; self report and heart rate variability
- anxiety; self- report, heart rate+ muscle tension
- performance= endurance time
what did Cooke et al (2011) show?
- higher endurance time as team
- higher enjoyment, effort and anxiety as a team
- higher pulse amplitude, heart rate variability as individual but higher HR and muscle activity of team
what did Cooke et al (2013) study?
- squeezed handgrip dynamometer at 40% of maximum for as long as possible
individual= do your best
head to head comp= 1 v 1, 2 v 2 and 4 v 4
what did Cooke et al (2013) show?
- highest endurance time in 2 vs 2
- enjoyment and effort high in 2 vs 2 and 4 vs 4
- anxiety highest in 4 vs 4
- muscle tension highest in 1 vs 1 and 2 vs 2
