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eating and unhealthy behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

what is body image dissatisfaction?

A
  • distressing or impairing preoccupation with a non- existing or a slight defect in bodily appearance
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • muscle dysmorphia
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2
Q

what is body image dissatisfaction associated with?

A
  • poor self- esteem
  • depression
  • social anxiety
  • eating disorder
  • exercise dependence
  • health risk behaviour e.g. AAS
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3
Q

what is prevalence?

A
  • frequency of occurrence within a population
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4
Q

what did Fallon et al (2014) study regarding body image dissatisfaction?

A
  • longitudinal study to investigate effect of gender on body image dissatisfaction
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5
Q

did Fallon et al (2014) investigate differences between women and men?

A
  • women had higher levels (13.4%- 31.8%) compared to men (9.0%- 28.4%)
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6
Q

what did Fallon et al (2014) suggest happens to body image dissatisfaction over time?

A
  • plateaus or declines
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7
Q

what are the five predisposing factors of body image dissatisfaction?

A

-body image
- expectations
- comparison
- reinforcement
- psychological and cultural factors

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8
Q

describe body image as a predisposing factor of body image dissatisfaction

A
  • poor body image may increase motivation to participate in PA
  • source of dissatisfaction is not alleviated
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9
Q

describe expectations as a predisposing factor of body image dissatisfaction

A
  • raised to a higher level than what is achievable
  • social media- doesn’t represent reality
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10
Q

describe comparison as a predisposing factor of body image dissatisfaction

A
  • comparing to others leads to negative evaluation
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11
Q

describe reinforcement as a predisposing factor of body image dissatisfaction

A
  • reinforcement for bad coaching behaviour
  • coaches dwelling on bodily appearances
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12
Q

describe psychological & cultural factors as a predisposing factor of body image dissatisfaction

A
  • minority males (ethnic groups)
  • adverse childhood experience
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13
Q

what did Tod et al (2016) review?

A
  • literature review that explored many articles on body image dissatisfaction
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14
Q

what did Tod et al (2016) find to be the mean age of manifestation of dissatisfaction?

A
  • 19.5 years old
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15
Q

what did Tod et al (2016) suggest that the symptoms are?

A
  • spending 3 hours a day thinking about changing appearance
  • exercise and dietary regimes interfere with lifestyle
  • avoidance of social activities e.g. swimming
  • camouflaging behaviour
  • bulimia and anorexia nervosa
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16
Q

what is muscle dysmorphia? how is it different to other body image disorders?

A
  • preoccupation that one’s body is insufficiently lean/ muscular
  • look small but actually unusually muscular
  • different as focuses on muscularity
17
Q

what are the two types of muscle dysmorphia?

A
  • bigorexia or reverse anorexia nervosa
18
Q

what did Pope et al (2005) investigate?

A
  • cross sectional questionnaire- based study, assessed quality of life and severity of body image concerns
19
Q

how many males were used in Pope et al (2005)? how many has muscle dysmorphia and how many had BI dissatisfaction?

A
  • 63 males
  • 14 had muscle dysmorphia
  • 49 had body image dissatisfaction
20
Q

what did Pope et al (2005) find about muscle dysmorphia compared to BI dissatisfaction regarding quality of life, suicide attempt, AAS and substance use disorder?

A
  • muscle dysmorphia had significantly poorer quality of life, more likely to report suicide attempt, more likely to have abused AAs and higher lifetime prevalence for substance use
21
Q

what are the two types of eating disorders?

A
  • anorexia nervosa
  • bulimia
22
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A
  • relentless drive for thinness with a fear of gaining body weight
23
Q

what is bulimia?

A
  • characterised by binge eating followed by methods to avoid weight gain
24
Q

who is more likely to suffer with an eating disorder?

A
  • prevalent in women (8.4%) compared to men (2.2%)
  • males account for 10% of patients with ED
25
Q

what other groups are at a higher prevalence of eating disorders?

A
  • athletes = 15 - 62% within sports
  • between 0.5-3% in non- female athletes
26
Q

what sports are at greater risk of EDs?

A
  • ’ thin build’ sports e.g., gymnastics, dance
27
Q

what did Sundogot- Borgen & Tortstveit (2010) find about ED difference in athletes vs non- athletes?

A
  • 3316 pts (1620 athletes, 1696 non- athletes)
  • 20% athletes
  • 9 % non- athletes
  • diagnosed with ED
28
Q

who did Hinton & Kubas (2010) study? what was the measurement used and what did they find?

A
  • 165 female athletes from 3 NCAA division 1 universities
  • completed ATHLETE questionnaire
  • determined five risk factors
29
Q

what are the five risk factors for disordered eating? Hinton & Kubas (2010)

A
  • drive for thinness and performance
  • performance perfectionism
  • social pressure on eating
  • social pressure on body shape
  • team trust
30
Q

what did Camaselle & Quatromoni (2010) study and what factors did they highlight?

A
  • qualitative study that interviewed 17 female athletes (mean age= 20.7 years)
  • highlighted internal & external risk factors
31
Q

what are the internal risk factors? Camaselle & Quatromoni (2010) - 4

A
  • negative mood
  • low self- esteem
  • perfectionism/ drive for achievement
  • desire for control
32
Q

what are the external risk factors? Camaselle 7 Quatromoni (2010) - 4

A
  • negative influence on self- esteem
  • hurtful relationships
  • hurtful role models
  • sports performance
33
Q

what are the symptoms of eating disorders?

A
  • oral/ dental
  • gastrointestinal
  • endocrine
  • neuropsychiatric
  • cardiorespiratory
  • musculoskeletal
  • dermatological
  • renal
34
Q

describe oral/ dental eating disorder symptom

A
  • eroded teeth or mouth ulcers
  • due to stomach ulcers
  • irritation
35
Q

describe neuropsychiatric eating disorder symptom

A
  • depression, insomnia, anxiety, ocd
36
Q

describe musculoskeletal eating disorder symptom

A
  • underweight
  • dehydrated causing muscle tear
  • joint problems and muscle damage
37
Q

describe dermatological eating disorder symptom

A
  • high prevalence of acne
  • skin disorders

sport psychology (17 decks)

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