selective breeding Flashcards
why are plants selectively bred
- disease resistance
- increase crop yields
- hardiness to weather
example of plant selectively bred
wild brasica
what is inbreeding
when animals who are closely related are bred together
problems of selective breeding
- reduction in the gene pool
- harmful genetic defects
- being vulnerable to new diseases
selective breeding
to select individuals with desirable characteristics and breed them together
why does selective breeding have to be repeated
has to be repeated for many successive generations so you have a new breed
why are cows and goats selectively bred
prdouce good quality meat and milk
why are restriction enzymes used
to isolate the required gene, leaving it with sticky ends
how are restriction enzymes inserted
bacterial plasmid is cut by the same restriction enzyme leaving it corresponding with sticky ends
- plasmid and isolated gene joined together.
what are plasmids and isolated genes joined together by
DNA ligase enzyme
what acts as vectors for genetic engineering
plasmid and viruses
what do viruses and plasmids do in GM
Take up pieces of DNA and insert this recombinant DNA into other cells
what do viruses transfer
DNA into human cells
what do plasmid transfer
DNA into bacteria or yeast
what happens when plasmid is placed into bacterial cells
- when bacteria reproduces the plasmids are copied.
- they can quickly spread as the bacteria multiply and makes them express the gene
what happens after the bacteria is genetically modified
placed into a fermenter to reproduce quickly in controlled conditions
what is used to cut out the human insulin gene
restriction enzymes
what happens to the bacterial plasmid
cut by the same restriction enzyme leaving it with corresponding sticky ends
stage 3 of producing human insulin
plasmid and isolated human insulin gene are joined together by the DNA ligase enzyme
stage 4 of producing human insulin
GM plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell and then bacteria divdes to produce many copies of the plasid
why is bacteria useful for genetic engineering
- contain the same genetic code as organisms we are taking genes from
- produce same protein
- no ethical concerns
- easy to remove and manipulate to insert gene
who do you genetically modify crops
insert foreign DNA into their genome
how have wheat and crop plants been genetically modified
contain a gene that produces poison to kill insects making them resistant to pests
one example of rice being genetically modified
golden rise- produces chemical that is turned into vitamin A
Advantages of GM crops table
- reduce uf of chemicals
- increased yields from crops
disadvantages of GM crops
- increased costs of seeds
- increased dependency on chemicals
- risk of inserted genes being transferred to wild plants by pollination
transgenic
transfer of genetic material from one species to different speices
