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IGCSE BIOLOGY > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genome

A

entire set of genetic material

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2
Q

what is a gene made up of

A

small section of DNA

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3
Q

What does a DNA code for

A

sequence of amino acids

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4
Q

alleles

A

different version of a gene

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5
Q

homozygous alleles

A

having 2 alleles of same type

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6
Q

heterozygous alleles

A

having 2 alleles that are different to one another

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7
Q

genes function

A

control our characteristics as they code for proteins that play important roles in what our cells do

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8
Q

what are chromosomes

A

DNA double helix supercoils

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9
Q

DNA full name

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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10
Q

what is DNA

A

genetic material found in the nucleus of cell

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11
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

polymer made up of 2 strands coiled around to make a double helix

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12
Q

what are the DNA strands formed from

A

sugar-phosphate backbone with bases joined togehter

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13
Q

complementary base pairing rule

A

Adenine- Thymine
Guanine- Cytosine

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14
Q

what relies on the base pairing rules

A

cell division and protein synthesis

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15
Q

what does the DNA double helix acts as

A

template to be copied in order to create new double helix

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16
Q

RNA full name

A

ribonucleic acid

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17
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

made up of many nucleuotides linked together in a long chain

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18
Q

what does RNA contain instead of Thymine

A

uracil

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19
Q

what are RNA molecules made up of

A

one polynucleotide stand
(single stranded)

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20
Q

what are RNA polynucleotide stands made up of

A

alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together with nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways.

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21
Q

example of RNA molecules

A

messenger RNA

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22
Q

What does messenger RNA do

A

transcript copy of a gene that encodes a specific polypeptide

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23
Q

what is a gene

A

sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule that codes for the production of amino acids

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24
Q

2 stages of protein synthesis

A

1) transcription
2) translation

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25
Q

transcription

A

DNA transcribed and mRNA molecule is produced

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26
Q

translation

A

mRNA is translate and an amino acid sequence is produced

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27
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

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28
Q

when do DNA molecules unwind

A

when hydrogen bonds break

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29
Q

what happens once hydrogen bonds break

A

exposes template stand of the gene that codes for the protein being synthesised

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30
Q

what binds to complementary nucleotides during transcriptions

A

free mRNA nucleotides that are present in nucleus

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31
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

where does mRNA molecule attach after leaving nucleus

A

ribosome

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32
Q

what is anticodon

A

tRNA molecules which have triplet of unpaired bases at one end

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33
Q

what does a anticodon correspond to

A

specific amino acid

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34
Q

what does anticodon pair to

A

codon

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35
Q

what attaches to complementary codon

A

a second tRNA molecule and a peptide bond formed between 2 amino acids

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36
Q

when does translation stop

A

until a stop codon on the mRNA moleluce is reached.

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37
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an organism

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38
Q

genotypes

A

combinatoin of alleles that control each characteristics

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39
Q

dominant allele

A

need to be inherited from one parent for characteristic to show up

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40
Q

recessive allele

A

needs to be inherited from both parents in order for characteristics to show up

41
Q

homozygous dominant

A

having 2 copies of dominant allele

42
Q

homozygous recessive

A

having two copies of recessive allele

43
Q

dominant allele shown as

A

capital letter

44
Q

recessive allele shown as

A

lower case

45
Q

pure breeding

A

2 individuals with identical homozygous for a characterisitc a, are bred they produce offspring with exactly the same genotype and phenotype

46
Q

codominance

A

both alleles within genotype are expressed in phenotype

47
Q

example of codominance

A

inheritance of blood group

48
Q

Which bloodgroups are codominant

A

blood group A and B

49
Q

blood group O

A

no antigens produced in blood

50
Q

blood group B

A

produces antigen B

51
Q

blood group A

A

produces antigen A

52
Q

Polygenic

A

characteristics that are controlled by more that one gene

53
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance of polygenic characteristics

54
Q

monohybrid inheritance

A

inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gen e

55
Q

punnett square

A

shows possible combinations of alleles that could be produced in offspring

56
Q

family pedigrees

A

used to trace the pattern of inheritance of specific characteristics, normally a diseases

57
Q

family pedigrees- males

A

sqaure shaped

58
Q

family pedigrees- female

A

circles

59
Q

family pedigrees- affected or not

A

affected- red
unaffected- blue

60
Q

female sex chromosome

A

XX

61
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

XY

62
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

63
Q

mitosis uses

A

growth
repair
replacement of celles

64
Q

what ensures cell splits into 2

A

cell divide chromosomes double - duplication

65
Q

process of mitosis

A
  • each chromosome in nucleus copies
  • chromosome line up along centre of cell where cell fibres pull them apart
  • cell divides into 2, each cell have copy of each chromosomes
66
Q

meiosis

A

nuclear division that gives rise to cells genetically different

67
Q

what is used to produce gametes

A

meiosis

68
Q

meiosis process

A
  • each chromosome makes identical copies of itself
  • first division:
    chromosomes pair along center, recombination occurs and cell fibers will pull pairs apart, each new cell will have one of each recombinant chromosome pair
  • chromosome line up along centre of celll, cell fibres will pull them apart
  • 4 hapolid daughters produced
69
Q

important of meiosis

A
  • production of gametes
  • increased genetic variation
70
Q

causes of phenotypic variation

A
  • genetic
  • environmental
71
Q

what creates genetic variation between zygotes

A

random fusion of gametes

72
Q

examples of genetiec variation

A

blood group
eye colour
gender

73
Q

discontinuous variation caused by

A

genetic varation

74
Q

variation

A

differences between individuals of the same species

75
Q

continuos variation

A

when there are very many small degrees of differences between individuals

76
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

when there are distinct differences for a characteristic

77
Q

mutations

A

rare, random changes that occur in sequence of DNA bases in gene or chromosome

78
Q

what can mutation in a gene lead to

A

change in protein that the gene codes for

79
Q

insertions

A

new base is randomly inserted into a DNA sequence

80
Q

what do insertion mutation change

A

changes the amino acid that would have been coded

81
Q

what insertion mutation have an effect on

A

chaging groups of 3 bases further on in the DNA sequence

82
Q

deletions

A

a base is radomly deleted from the DNA sequence

83
Q

what does a deletion change

A

changes the amino acid that would have been coded

84
Q

substituition

A

a base in the DNA sequence is randomly swapped for a different base

85
Q

what does a substituition change

A

only change amino acid for the group of three bases in which mutation occurs

86
Q

mutation effects

A
  • new alleles/phenotypes
  • sickle cell anaemia
87
Q

sickle cell anaemia mutation

A

changes the molecule haemoglobin caused the RBC to become stiff and sickled shape

88
Q

what does sickle cell anaemia do

A

get stuck in narrow blood vessels and block the flow of blood

89
Q

what can sickle cell anaemia lead to

A

strokes, blindess, damage to lungs

90
Q

what increases the chance of mutation

A

gamma rays, UV rays, types of chemicals (tar)

91
Q

who came up with the theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

92
Q

evolution

A

change in frequency of a phenotype in a population over many generations

93
Q

explain Darwins theory

A
  • individuals with characteristics most suited to environment have a higher chance of survival
  • characteristics passed to their offspring at a higher rate
  • beneficial characteristics become more common in the population
94
Q

what is natural selection known as

A

survival of the fittest

95
Q

natural selection answer

A

-Within a species, there is always variation and chance mutation

-Some individuals will develop a phenotype (characteristic) that gives them a survival advantage and this allows them to: live longer, breed more be more likely to pass their genes on

Repeated over generations, the ‘mutated’ phenotype will become the norm

96
Q

antibiotics

A

chemical substances made my certain fungi or bacteria that affect bacterial scells

97
Q

2 types of antibiotics

A
  • disrupt structure of function
  • prevent them from reproducting
98
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur

A

random mutations in their DNA

99
Q

what developed resistance to methicillin

A

Staphylococcus

100
Q

prevention of resistance bacteria

A
  • no overuse of bacteria
  • only in serious cases
  • finish whole course of antibiotics
101
Q

why do antibiotics not work on viruses

A

antibiotics work by disrupting cell functions such as respiration, or breaking down the structure of the cell in some way
However, viruses do not carry out any cell functions

IGCSE BIOLOGY (22 decks)

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