Inheritance Flashcards
1
Q
genome
A
entire set of genetic material
2
Q
what is a gene made up of
A
small section of DNA
3
Q
What does a DNA code for
A
sequence of amino acids
4
Q
alleles
A
different version of a gene
5
Q
homozygous alleles
A
having 2 alleles of same type
6
Q
heterozygous alleles
A
having 2 alleles that are different to one another
7
Q
genes function
A
control our characteristics as they code for proteins that play important roles in what our cells do
8
Q
what are chromosomes
A
DNA double helix supercoils
9
Q
DNA full name
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
10
Q
what is DNA
A
genetic material found in the nucleus of cell
11
Q
what is DNA made up of
A
polymer made up of 2 strands coiled around to make a double helix
12
Q
what are the DNA strands formed from
A
sugar-phosphate backbone with bases joined togehter
13
Q
complementary base pairing rule
A
Adenine- Thymine
Guanine- Cytosine
14
Q
what relies on the base pairing rules
A
cell division and protein synthesis
15
Q
what does the DNA double helix acts as
A
template to be copied in order to create new double helix
16
Q
RNA full name
A
ribonucleic acid
17
Q
what is a polynucleotide
A
made up of many nucleuotides linked together in a long chain
18
Q
what does RNA contain instead of Thymine
A
uracil
19
Q
what are RNA molecules made up of
A
one polynucleotide stand
(single stranded)
20
Q
what are RNA polynucleotide stands made up of
A
alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together with nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways.
21
Q
example of RNA molecules
A
messenger RNA
22
Q
What does messenger RNA do
A
transcript copy of a gene that encodes a specific polypeptide
23
Q
what is a gene
A
sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule that codes for the production of amino acids
24
Q
2 stages of protein synthesis
A
1) transcription
2) translation
25
transcription
DNA transcribed and mRNA molecule is produced
26
translation
mRNA is translate and an amino acid sequence is produced
27
where does transcription occur
nucleus
28
when do DNA molecules unwind
when hydrogen bonds break
29
what happens once hydrogen bonds break
exposes template stand of the gene that codes for the protein being synthesised
30
what binds to complementary nucleotides during transcriptions
free mRNA nucleotides that are present in nucleus
31
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
31
where does mRNA molecule attach after leaving nucleus
ribosome
32
what is anticodon
tRNA molecules which have triplet of unpaired bases at one end
33
what does a anticodon correspond to
specific amino acid
34
what does anticodon pair to
codon
35
what attaches to complementary codon
a second tRNA molecule and a peptide bond formed between 2 amino acids
36
when does translation stop
until a stop codon on the mRNA moleluce is reached.
37
phenotype
observable characteristics of an organism
38
genotypes
combinatoin of alleles that control each characteristics
39
dominant allele
need to be inherited from one parent for characteristic to show up
40
recessive allele
needs to be inherited from both parents in order for characteristics to show up
41
homozygous dominant
having 2 copies of dominant allele
42
homozygous recessive
having two copies of recessive allele
43
dominant allele shown as
capital letter
44
recessive allele shown as
lower case
45
pure breeding
2 individuals with identical homozygous for a characterisitc a, are bred they produce offspring with exactly the same genotype and phenotype
46
codominance
both alleles within genotype are expressed in phenotype
47
example of codominance
inheritance of blood group
48
Which bloodgroups are codominant
blood group A and B
49
blood group O
no antigens produced in blood
50
blood group B
produces antigen B
51
blood group A
produces antigen A
52
Polygenic
characteristics that are controlled by more that one gene
53
polygenic inheritance
inheritance of polygenic characteristics
54
monohybrid inheritance
inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gen e
55
punnett square
shows possible combinations of alleles that could be produced in offspring
56
family pedigrees
used to trace the pattern of inheritance of specific characteristics, normally a diseases
57
family pedigrees- males
sqaure shaped
58
family pedigrees- female
circles
59
family pedigrees- affected or not
affected- red
unaffected- blue
60
female sex chromosome
XX
61
Male sex chromosome
XY
62
mitosis
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
63
mitosis uses
growth
repair
replacement of celles
64
what ensures cell splits into 2
cell divide chromosomes double - duplication
65
process of mitosis
- each chromosome in nucleus copies
- chromosome line up along centre of cell where cell fibres pull them apart
- cell divides into 2, each cell have copy of each chromosomes
66
meiosis
nuclear division that gives rise to cells genetically different
67
what is used to produce gametes
meiosis
68
meiosis process
- each chromosome makes identical copies of itself
- first division:
chromosomes pair along center, recombination occurs and cell fibers will pull pairs apart, each new cell will have one of each recombinant chromosome pair
- chromosome line up along centre of celll, cell fibres will pull them apart
- 4 hapolid daughters produced
69
important of meiosis
- production of gametes
- increased genetic variation
70
causes of phenotypic variation
- genetic
- environmental
71
what creates genetic variation between zygotes
random fusion of gametes
72
examples of genetiec variation
blood group
eye colour
gender
73
discontinuous variation caused by
genetic varation
74
variation
differences between individuals of the same species
75
continuos variation
when there are very many small degrees of differences between individuals
76
Discontinuous variation
when there are distinct differences for a characteristic
77
mutations
rare, random changes that occur in sequence of DNA bases in gene or chromosome
78
what can mutation in a gene lead to
change in protein that the gene codes for
79
insertions
new base is randomly inserted into a DNA sequence
80
what do insertion mutation change
changes the amino acid that would have been coded
81
what insertion mutation have an effect on
chaging groups of 3 bases further on in the DNA sequence
82
deletions
a base is radomly deleted from the DNA sequence
83
what does a deletion change
changes the amino acid that would have been coded
84
substituition
a base in the DNA sequence is randomly swapped for a different base
85
what does a substituition change
only change amino acid for the group of three bases in which mutation occurs
86
mutation effects
- new alleles/phenotypes
- sickle cell anaemia
87
sickle cell anaemia mutation
changes the molecule haemoglobin caused the RBC to become stiff and sickled shape
88
what does sickle cell anaemia do
get stuck in narrow blood vessels and block the flow of blood
89
what can sickle cell anaemia lead to
strokes, blindess, damage to lungs
90
what increases the chance of mutation
gamma rays, UV rays, types of chemicals (tar)
91
who came up with the theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
92
evolution
change in frequency of a phenotype in a population over many generations
93
explain Darwins theory
- individuals with characteristics most suited to environment have a higher chance of survival
- characteristics passed to their offspring at a higher rate
- beneficial characteristics become more common in the population
94
what is natural selection known as
survival of the fittest
95
natural selection answer
-Within a species, there is always variation and chance mutation
-Some individuals will develop a phenotype (characteristic) that gives them a survival advantage and this allows them to: live longer, breed more be more likely to pass their genes on
Repeated over generations, the ‘mutated’ phenotype will become the norm
96
antibiotics
chemical substances made my certain fungi or bacteria that affect bacterial scells
97
2 types of antibiotics
- disrupt structure of function
- prevent them from reproducting
98
how does antibiotic resistance occur
random mutations in their DNA
99
what developed resistance to methicillin
Staphylococcus
100
prevention of resistance bacteria
- no overuse of bacteria
- only in serious cases
- finish whole course of antibiotics
101
why do antibiotics not work on viruses
antibiotics work by disrupting cell functions such as respiration, or breaking down the structure of the cell in some way
However, viruses do not carry out any cell functions
