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IGCSE BIOLOGY > human reproduction > Flashcards

human reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

prostate gland

A

produces fluid called semen
- provides sperm cells

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2
Q

sperm duct

A
  • where sperm passes to be mixed with fluids produced by gland
  • before urethra for ejaculation
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3
Q

urethra

A
  • tube running down centre of penis
  • carry out urine or semen
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4
Q

what prevents urethra and semen from mixing

A

ring of muscles inside urethra

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5
Q

testis

A

contained in a bag of skin and produces sperm and testosterone

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6
Q

scrotum

A

sac supporting tests
- outside body to keep sperm and slightly lower temp

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7
Q

penis

A

passes urine out of body from bladder
- allows semen to pass into vagina

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8
Q

oviduct

A
  • connects ovary to uterus
  • lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it
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9
Q

where does fertillization occur

A

oviduct

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10
Q

ovary

A
  • contains ova which will mature and develop when hormoes are released
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11
Q

cervix

A

ring of muscle and lower end of uterus to keep developing foetus in place

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12
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leaders inside a womens body
- where penis enters and sperm is deposited

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13
Q

adaptation of sperm cell

A
  • has flagellum
  • contains enzymes in head region known as acrosome
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14
Q

adaptation of egg cell

A
  • cytoplasm containing a store of energy
  • jelly like coating that changes after ferillation
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15
Q

when is fertillisation most likely to occur

A

1-2 days after ovulation

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16
Q

fertillization process in humans

A
  • head of sperm releases enzymes that digest path through protective outer layer of egg
  • allows sperm to pass
  • egg cell releases thick layer of material that prevents any more sperm cells from entering
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17
Q

how does zygote dived by

A

mitosis

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18
Q

describe mitosis during fertillization

A
  • forms 2 new cells
  • continue to divide until embryo is formed
  • cells further dived to become specialised
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19
Q

what is ovulation

A

when an egg is released which occurs halfway through cycle.

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20
Q

what does failiure to fertillize egg cause

A

menstruation

21
Q

what is menstruation

A

breakingn down of thickened lining of uterus

22
Q

what is the menstrual crycle controlled by

A

hormones

23
Q

describe oestrogen levels

A

rises from day 1 to day 14

24
Q

what does oestrogen cause

A

uterine walls to thicken and egg to mature

25
Q

desctibe progesterone levels

A

stays low- day 1-14
rises once ovulation occurs

26
Q

what does rise in progesterone cause

A

uterine lining to thicken

27
Q

what does fall in progesterone cause

A

lining to breakdown

28
Q

what is FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

29
Q

what releases FSH and LH

A

pitutary gland

30
Q

what does FSH do

A
  • egg to start maturing
  • stimulated ovaries to release oestrogen
31
Q

when is LH released

A

when oestrogen has reached its peak

32
Q

What does LH do

A

causes ovulation to occur and stimulates ovary to produce progesterone

33
Q

what happens in placenta

A

mothers blood comes into very close proximity to blood of foetus but it never mixes

34
Q

what is the placenta connected by

A

unbilical cord

35
Q

what does mothers blood absorb from foeuts

A
  • waster products like CO2 and urea
36
Q

why is CO2 and urea absorbed by mum

A

so they dont build up to dangerous levels

37
Q

placenta adaptations

A
  • large SA
  • thin wall
    for efficient diffusion
38
Q

how does placenta prevent toxins

A

acts as a barrier

39
Q

what is afterbirth

A
  • placenta pushed out after birth due to contractions in muscular walls of uterus
40
Q

how long does zygote take to travel towards uterus

A

3 days
- zygote dives to form embryo

41
Q

what happens when zygote reaches the uterus

A
  • embryo embed itself onto thick lining of uterus
42
Q

what is a placenta

A

organ to ensure materials can be exchanged between the blood of the mother and blood of embryo

43
Q

what is embryo surrounded by

A

amniotic fluid which is held in amniotic membrane

44
Q

why is amniotic fluid important

A
  • protects embryo during development by cushioning it from bumps to mothers abdomen
45
Q

gestation period

A

embryo growing in uterus

46
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics controlled by

A

oestrogen and testosterone

47
Q

Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A
  • breasts develop
  • body hair grows
  • menstrual cycle begins
  • hips get wider
48
Q

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A
  • growth of penis and testes
  • growth of facial and body hair
  • muscles develop
  • voice breaks
  • testes produce sperm

IGCSE BIOLOGY (22 decks)

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