human reproduction

Question 1

prostate gland

Answer 1

produces fluid called semen
- provides sperm cells

Question 2

sperm duct

Answer 2

• where sperm passes to be mixed with fluids produced by gland
• before urethra for ejaculation

Question 3

urethra

Answer 3

• tube running down centre of penis
• carry out urine or semen

Question 4

what prevents urethra and semen from mixing

Answer 4

ring of muscles inside urethra

Question 5

testis

Answer 5

contained in a bag of skin and produces sperm and testosterone

Question 6

scrotum

Answer 6

sac supporting tests
- outside body to keep sperm and slightly lower temp

Question 7

penis

Answer 7

passes urine out of body from bladder
- allows semen to pass into vagina

Question 8

oviduct

Answer 8

• connects ovary to uterus
• lined with ciliated cells to push the released ovum down it

Question 9

where does fertillization occur

Answer 9

oviduct

Question 10

ovary

Answer 10

• contains ova which will mature and develop when hormoes are released

Question 11

cervix

Answer 11

ring of muscle and lower end of uterus to keep developing foetus in place

Question 12

vagina

Answer 12

muscular tube that leaders inside a womens body
- where penis enters and sperm is deposited

Question 13

adaptation of sperm cell

Answer 13

• has flagellum
• contains enzymes in head region known as acrosome

Question 14

adaptation of egg cell

Answer 14

• cytoplasm containing a store of energy
• jelly like coating that changes after ferillation

Question 15

when is fertillisation most likely to occur

Answer 15

1-2 days after ovulation

Question 16

fertillization process in humans

Answer 16

• head of sperm releases enzymes that digest path through protective outer layer of egg
• allows sperm to pass
• egg cell releases thick layer of material that prevents any more sperm cells from entering

Question 17

how does zygote dived by

Answer 17

mitosis

Question 18

describe mitosis during fertillization

Answer 18

• forms 2 new cells
• continue to divide until embryo is formed
• cells further dived to become specialised

Question 19

what is ovulation

Answer 19

when an egg is released which occurs halfway through cycle.

Question 20

what does failiure to fertillize egg cause

Answer 20

menstruation

Question 21

what is menstruation

Answer 21

breakingn down of thickened lining of uterus

Question 22

what is the menstrual crycle controlled by

Answer 22

hormones

Question 23

describe oestrogen levels

Answer 23

rises from day 1 to day 14

Question 24

what does oestrogen cause

Answer 24

uterine walls to thicken and egg to mature

Question 25

desctibe progesterone levels

Answer 25

stays low- day 1-14 rises once ovulation occurs

Question 26

what does rise in progesterone cause

Answer 26

uterine lining to thicken

Question 27

what does fall in progesterone cause

Answer 27

lining to breakdown

Question 28

what is FSH

Answer 28

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 29

what releases FSH and LH

Answer 29

pitutary gland

Question 30

what does FSH do

Answer 30

- egg to start maturing - stimulated ovaries to release oestrogen

Question 31

when is LH released

Answer 31

when oestrogen has reached its peak

Question 32

What does LH do

Answer 32

causes ovulation to occur and stimulates ovary to produce progesterone

Question 33

what happens in placenta

Answer 33

mothers blood comes into very close proximity to blood of foetus but it never mixes

Question 34

what is the placenta connected by

Answer 34

unbilical cord

Question 35

what does mothers blood absorb from foeuts

Answer 35

- waster products like CO2 and urea

Question 36

why is CO2 and urea absorbed by mum

Answer 36

so they dont build up to dangerous levels

Question 37

placenta adaptations

Answer 37

- large SA - thin wall for efficient diffusion

Question 38

how does placenta prevent toxins

Answer 38

acts as a barrier

Question 39

what is afterbirth

Answer 39

- placenta pushed out after birth due to contractions in muscular walls of uterus

Question 40

how long does zygote take to travel towards uterus

Answer 40

3 days - zygote dives to form embryo

Question 41

what happens when zygote reaches the uterus

Answer 41

- embryo embed itself onto thick lining of uterus

Question 42

what is a placenta

Answer 42

organ to ensure materials can be exchanged between the blood of the mother and blood of embryo

Question 43

what is embryo surrounded by

Answer 43

amniotic fluid which is held in amniotic membrane

Question 44

why is amniotic fluid important

Answer 44

- protects embryo during development by cushioning it from bumps to mothers abdomen

Question 45

gestation period

Answer 45

embryo growing in uterus

Question 46

what are secondary sexual characteristics controlled by

Answer 46

oestrogen and testosterone

Question 47

Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Answer 47

- breasts develop - body hair grows - menstrual cycle begins - hips get wider

Question 48

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Answer 48

- growth of penis and testes - growth of facial and body hair - muscles develop - voice breaks - testes produce sperm