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IGCSE BIOLOGY > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the control or regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism

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2
Q

2 types a communication systems

A

The nervous system
The endocrine system

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3
Q

things homeostasis controls

A

temperature
pH
blood pressure
glucose conc.
water

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4
Q

where is body temperature controlled

A

thermoregulatory centre

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

how does skin controls temperature

A

contains temperature receptors

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7
Q

stimulus

A

change in environment

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8
Q

receptor

A

what detects a stimuli

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9
Q

coodination centre

A

brain, spinal cord, pancrease
receives and processes information from receptors

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10
Q

effector

A

what brings a response to bring back to optimum levels

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11
Q

2 things plants need to respond to

A

light and response to gravity

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12
Q

tropisms

A

directional growth responses made by plants in response to light and gravity

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13
Q

positive tropism

A

if it grows towards stimuli

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14
Q

2 trophisms in plants

A

phototropism and geotropism

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15
Q

what are plant growth regulators called

A

auxin

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16
Q

where is auxin produced

A

tip ofo the shoot and roots

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17
Q

auxin in shoots

A

promotes cell elongation

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18
Q

auxin in roots

A

inhibits cell elongation

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19
Q

what is distribuition of auxin affected by in shoots

A

light and gravity

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20
Q

what is distribuition of auxin affected by in roots

A

gravity

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21
Q

what happens if a shoot is placed on its side

A

auxin accumulates along the lower side
lower side grows faster than upper side

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22
Q

how does auxin distribute down the shoot

A

diffusion

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23
Q

what happens if light shines evenly around the tip

A

auxin is distributed evenly

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24
Q

what happens when auxin shines on one side

A

auxin concentrates on the shaded side so it grows faster on the shaded side

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25
Q

the nervous systems

A

info sent through as electrical impulses. they pass along nerve cells as neurones

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26
Q

what does nervous systems allow

A

rapid responses to stimuli

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27
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

endocrine system

A

info is sent through as chemical substances known as hormones

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29
Q

how are hormones carried through the body

A

blood

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30
Q

where are hormones produced

A

endocrine glands

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31
Q

what does the endocrine system target

A

target cells in specific tissues

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32
Q

what does human nervous system consist of

A

PNS - periphiral nervous system
ALL NERVES IN BODY
CNS- brain and spinal

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33
Q

neurones

A

nerve cells in which electrical signals pass through

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34
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neurones

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35
Q

what do neurones consist of

A

cell body
cytoplasmic extensions (axons and dendrites)

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36
Q

axon

A

main long fibre of neurone

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37
Q

why do humans have one long neurone instead of multiple short ones

A

less time is wasted transferring electrical impulses from one cell to another

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38
Q

what is an axon insulated by

A

fatty myelin sheath

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39
Q

what are uninsulated sections of axon called

A

nodes

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40
Q

how do electrical impulses travel to axon

A

jumps from one node to the next

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41
Q

how are axons and dendrites helpful

A

neurones can connect to many other neurones forming a network

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42
Q

types of neurones

A

sensory
relay
motor

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43
Q

sensory neurones

A

carries impulses from sense organs to the CNS

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44
Q

Relay neurones

A

found inside CNS
connects sensory and motor neurones

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45
Q

motor neurones

A

carries impulses from CNS to effectors

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46
Q

how to identify sensory neurones

A

long and have a cell body branching off the middle of the axon

47
Q

how to identify relay neurones

A

short and have small cell body at one end with many dendrites branching off it

48
Q

how to identify motor neurones

A

long and have a large cell body at one end with long dendrites branching off it

49
Q

pathway of nervous system

A

stimulus
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
response

50
Q

what happens when a receptor is stimulated

A

it produces electrical impulse

51
Q

synapse

A

when dendrites of 2 neurons meet

52
Q

what is the small gap in between neurones called

A

synaptic cleft

53
Q

what happens at the synaptic cleft

A

electrical signals are briefly converted to a chemical signal to cross the gap.

54
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical signalling molecules used to transfer the signal between neurones

55
Q

how are impulses sent across a synapse

A

1) electrical impulse travels along the first axon which triggers the end of the presynaptic neurone to release chemical messengers

2) these fuse with presynaptic membrane which releases contents to the cleft

3) neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with the receptor molecules on the membrane of the postsynaptic membrane which stimulates second neurone to generate impulse

4) neurotransmitters are destroyed to prevent continued stimulation

56
Q

what do synapses ensure

A

that impulses travel in one direction only

57
Q

what is a reflex action

A

an involuntary response which is automatic and rapid which does not involve the concious part of the brain as the coordinator.

58
Q

what do reflex action prevent

A

minmist damage and aids survival

59
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

pathway of a reflex response

60
Q

reflex arc for a pin touching finger

A

The pin (the stimulus) is detected by a (pain/pressure/touch) receptor in the skin on the person’s foot
A sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord

An electrical impulse is passed to a relay neurone in the spinal cord

A relay neurone synapses with a motor neurone

A motor neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the leg (the effector)

When stimulated by the motor neurone, the muscle will contract and pull the foot up and away from the sharp object (the response)

61
Q

what does the retina contain

A

rods
cones

62
Q

rods

A

receptor cells that are sensitive to light

63
Q

cones

A

receptor cells which are sensitive to colour

64
Q

cornea

A

transparent lens that refracts light as it enters eye

65
Q

iris

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

66
Q

lens

A

transparent disc that can change the shape to focus light onto the retina

67
Q

retina

A

Contains light receptor cells and cones

68
Q

optic nerve

A

sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

69
Q

pupil

A

hole that allows the light to enter the eye

70
Q

ciliary muscle

A

ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of lens

71
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

ligaments that connects the cilliary muscle to lens

72
Q

sclera

A

strong outer wall of the eyeball that helps keep an eye in shape and provides a place for muscles to attach

73
Q

fovea

A

region in retina with highest density of cones where eyes sees good detail

74
Q

aqeous humour

A

watery liquid between cornea and lens

75
Q

vitreous humour

A

jelly like liquid filling eyeball

76
Q

choroid

A

pigmented layer of tissue lining the inside of the scelera that prevents the reflection of light rays inside the eyeball

77
Q

blind spot

A

point at which optic nerve leaves eye with no receptor cells

78
Q

accomoodation

A

the way lens brings out fine focusing

79
Q

adapatation of lens

A

elastic and its shape can be changed when suspensory ligaments attached to it

80
Q

staring at a close image

A
  • cilliary muscles contract
  • suspensory ligaments loosen
  • lens becomes fatter
  • light is refracted more
81
Q

staring at a faw away object

A
  • cillary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments tighten
  • suspensory ligaments pull lens
  • lens becomes thinner
  • less light refracted
82
Q

pupil reflex

A

reflex action carried out to protect the retina from damage

83
Q

pupil in dim light

A

dilates to allow as much light into eye

84
Q

pupil in bright light

A

constricts to prevent light from entering eye and damaging retina

85
Q

cooling mechanisms in body

A
  • vascodilation: greater volume of blood in capilarries. arterioles go near skin and dilate
  • increased sweat to cool off by evaporation
  • hair erector muscles relax so hair lies flat to prevent trapping heat
86
Q

what detects change in temperature in the body

A

temp receptors and hypothalamus

87
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

88
Q

hormones in body

A

adrenaline
insulin
testosterone
progesterone
oestrogen

89
Q

role of adrenaline

A
  • fight of flight
  • produced when body is in danger
  • prepares for movement
90
Q

what does adrenaline do

A
  • increases heart rate and breathing rate
  • diverts blood flow to muscles
  • dilation of blood vessels inside muscles
  • breaking down of stored glycogen to glucose
91
Q

what does too high glucose levels lead to

A

cells losing water by osmosis

92
Q

what does low glucose levels lead too

A

insufficient glucose for respiration leading to death

93
Q

what works together to control blood glucose levels

A

pancreas and live

94
Q

what produces insulin

A

pancreas

95
Q

what happens if blood glucose levels are high

A
  • pancreas produces insulin
  • stimulates live to take up glucose and store is a glycogen
96
Q

what happens if glucose levels are low

A
  • pancreas produced glucagon
  • causes glucagon stored in liver to convert into glucose and to be released in blood
97
Q

where is testosterone produced

A

male testes

98
Q

testosterone

A

responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics

99
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

ovaries

100
Q

progesterone

A

responsible in maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy

101
Q

where is oestrogen produces

A

female ovaries

102
Q

oestrogen

A

responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulating the menstrual cycle

103
Q

Advanced hormones

A

Antidiuretic
follicle- stimulating
luteinising

104
Q

ADH

A

controls water levels

105
Q

what happens when water content in blood falls

A
  • blood is conc.
  • pituitary glands release ADH
  • causes collecting ducts to be mroe permeable
  • water is reabsorbed
106
Q

what releases ADH

A

Pituitary glands

107
Q

what happens when water content is high

A
  • blood dilute
  • less ADH
  • collecting duct is less permeable
  • less water reabsorbed
  • larger volume of urine which is less conc.
108
Q

what releases FSH

A

Pituitary gland

109
Q

role of FSH

A

Causes ovary to develop a mature egg cell

110
Q

effect of FSH

A

Stimulates development of egg cells in ovary and the release of oestrogen

111
Q

What releases LH

A

Pituitary glandd

112
Q

role of LH

A

Causes ovary to release a mature egg cell

113
Q

effect of LH

A

Stimulates the release of an egg cell from ovary and the release of progesterone

114
Q

what produces progesterone

A

corpus luteum

IGCSE BIOLOGY (22 decks)

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