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IGCSE BIOLOGY > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does blood consist of

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelts and plasma

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2
Q

composition of blood

A

45% RBC
55% Plasma
<1% white bloot cells and plateltes

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3
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of protein hemoglobin

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4
Q

white blood cell

A

large cells containing a big nucleus, different types have structures and functions

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5
Q

platelets

A

fragments of cells

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6
Q

plasma

A

straw coloured liquid

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7
Q

how is plamsa important for transport

A
  • transports CO2
  • digested food and mineral ions
  • transports urea
  • hormones
  • heat energy
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8
Q

adaptations of red blood cells

A
  • full of haemoglobin
  • no nucleus
  • biconcave disc which gives large SA:V
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8
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen to respiring cells

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9
Q

Types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes

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10
Q

what do phagocytes carry out

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

what is the digestive enzyme which ingests the pathogen

A

lysosome

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12
Q

how do you recognise phagocytes

A

multi-lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm

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13
Q

how to recognise lymphocytes

A

large round nucleus which takes up nearly whole cell
non granular cytoplasm

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14
Q

what do lymphocytes produce

A

antibodies

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15
Q

what are antibodies

A

Y-shaped proteins with a shape that is specific to the antigen on the surface of the pathogen

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16
Q

agglutination

A

antibodies attach to the antigens

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17
Q

what happens which signals phagocytes that cells are presents and need to be destroyed

A

release of chemicals

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18
Q

what do lymphocytes produce to neutralise _________

A

antitoxins to neutralise toxins

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19
Q

why are vaccines used

A

to induce immunity to infectious diseases

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20
Q

what do vaccines contain

A
  • weakened or dead pathogen which is either a fragment or one which is unable to grow
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21
Q

importance of vaccination

A
  • reduce likelihood that an infected individual with spread the pathogen to others
  • prevents spread of disease
  • reduces cases of certain diseases
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22
Q

disadvantages of vaccinations

A
  • mutations in pathogens DNA
  • side effects
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23
Q

plateltes function

A

help with the clotting of blood

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24
Q

what do platelets release

A

chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form insoluble mesh

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25
Q

what does a clot develop into

A

a scab

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26
Q

importance of blood clotting

A
  • prevents continued blood loss
  • prevents entry of microorganisms
  • seals the skin again
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27
Q

what type of organ is the heart

A

double pump organ

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28
Q

how does blood pump to the heart from the lungs

A

oxygenated blood enters the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body

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29
Q

why is the left ventricle able to pump blood at high pressure

A

it has thicker muscle walls that the right ventricle

30
Q

how does blood enter from the rest of the body to the heart

A

deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the body and is pumped to the lungs

31
Q

does the right ventricle pump blood at low pressure or at high pressure

A

lower pressure

32
Q

what is the name of the wall that separates two sides of the heart

A

septum

33
Q

do veins pump towards the heart or away from the heart

A

towards

34
Q

do arteries pump blood towards the heart or away from the heart

A

away

35
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

supply the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart with oxygenated blood

36
Q

why does the coronary arteries supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

A

the heart muscle needs constant supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration

37
Q

why are valves present

A

to prevent the backflow of the blood

38
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood coming from the body flow through

A

vena cava

39
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood coming from the body flow to

A

right atrium

40
Q

where does the blood flow flow from in order to go to the right ventricle and through where?

A

right atrium, and through the tricuspid valve

41
Q

where does the blood flow through after going into the right ventricle and through where?

A

to the pulmonery artery through the semi lunar valve

42
Q

where does the blood go after it reaches the pulmonary artery

A

travels through the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place

43
Q

is there high or low pressure where gas exchange takes place

A

there is a low pressure blood flow to prevent damage to the capillaries

44
Q

how does the oxygenated blood enter the left atrium

A

through the pulmonary vein

45
Q

how does the blood flow to the rest of the body

A

the atrium contracts and forces blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

the left ventricle contracts and blood is forced through the semi lunar valve out through the aorta

46
Q

pacemaker

A

the group of cells in the right atrium which controls the natural resting heart rate

47
Q

role of pacemaker

A

to coordinate the contraction of the heart muscles and regulate the heart rate

48
Q

how to pace maker initiate a contraction in the cardiac muscle

A

it sents out electrical impulses

49
Q

what needs to happen in order to supply oxygen and glucose to respiring cells

A

the heart needs to pump blood around the body

50
Q

how to the nervous system respond to an increase in respiration

A
  • heart rate increases to deliver oxygen and glucose and remove waste more frequently
  • volume of blood is pumped out of the heart in bigger quantities.
  • produced adrenaline
51
Q

why do we continue breathing heavily straight after excercise

A

oxygen is needed in muscles to break down the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration.

pays off the oxygen debt

52
Q

will a physically fit person have a lower resting heart rate or a higher resting heart rate

A

lower

53
Q

what occurs if a patient has the coronary heart disease

A

a layer of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries due to cholesterol

54
Q

what are the sources of cholestrol in the body

A

dietary cholesterol
cholesterol synthesised from the lung

55
Q

what happens to the arteries due to build up of the cholesterol

A

it loses its elasticity and can’t stretch to accommodate the blood which is forced.

56
Q

what does build of of cholesterol cause

A

partial blockage (angina)
complete blockage (heart attack)

57
Q

ways to treat CHD

A

increase the width using a stent or prescribing statins to lower blood cholesterol

58
Q

risks which increase the chance of CHD

A
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • smoking
59
Q

three types of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

60
Q

key features of arteries

A
  • carries blood at high pressure away from heart
  • carries oxygenated blood
  • have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
  • narrow lumen
  • blood flows at fast speed
61
Q

adaptations of arteries

A
  • thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres to withstand the high pressure of blood and maintain the pressure.
  • narrow lumen to help maintain pressure
62
Q

features of veins

A
  • carries blood at low pressure towards heart
  • carries deoxygenated blood
  • thin walls
  • large lumen
  • contains valves
  • blood flows through at a slow speed
63
Q

adaptation of veins

A
  • large lumen= reduces resistance to blood flow under low pressure
  • contains valves to prevent the back flow of blood as it is at low pressure
64
Q

features of capillaries

A
  • carries blood at low pressure
  • carries both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
  • have walls that are one cell thick
  • leaky walls
  • slow speed
65
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A
  • walls that are one cell thick so substances can easily diffuse
  • leaky walls allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding the cells
66
Q

arterioles

A

narrow vessels connect arteries to capillaries

67
Q

venules

A

connected capillaries to veins

68
Q

is the circulatory system a closed network or an open network

A

closed

69
Q

closed network of blood vessels connected to heart- explain

A
  • Oxygenated blood is carried away from the heart and towards organs in arteries

-These narrow to arterioles and then capillaries as they pass through the organ

  • In the organs, respiring cells use up the oxygen from the blood
  • The capillaries widen to venules and finally veins as they move away from the organs

-Veins carry deoxygenated blood back towards the heart

70
Q

what collects all excess tissue fluid that leaks out from capillaries

A

lymphatic vessels which delivers it back to the circulatory system

71
Q

towards the kidney

A

renal artery

72
Q

away from kidney

A

renal vein

IGCSE BIOLOGY (22 decks)

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